Exam 4 review

Question 1

Health Advocacy and Communication

Answer 1

Health Communication encompasses the study and use of communication strategies to inform and influence individual and community decisions that enhance health

Question 2

Health Advocacy and Communication/ Levels

Answer 2

-Intrapersonal
-Interpersonal
-Group
-Organizational
-Societal

Question 3

Health Advocacy and Communication/ Barriers

Answer 3

-Designing information to be clear, compelling, actionable, and available
-multitudes of information Sources
-Differences in culture and belief systems
-Many groups have limited access to relevant health information

Question 4

Challenges to Health Communication

Answer 4

-Misformation–> False information, or information is taken out-of-context, that is presented as a fact, but there may or may not be a specific intent to deceive

-Disinformation–>a type of misinformation that is intentionally false and intended to deceive or mislead

-Manufactured Doubt–> Actions that deliberately alter and misrepresented knowable facts and empirical evidence to promote an agenda, often to benefit a broader industry, specific corporation, or group of individuals.

Question 5

Logical Fallacies

Answer 5

The use of fault or invalid reasoning when constructing an argument, for example…

Use of false authority–> using an expert with unrelated credentials to promote the industry’s position

Appealing to emotion–> manipulating an emotional response in place of a valid, factual, compelling argument

Ad Hominem–> by attacking the arguer instead of the argument, the argument can be dismissed

Righteousness Fallacy–> using evidence of good intentions to support other claims

Appeal to authority(ad vercundiam)–> because an “authority believes something, it must be true

Question 6

Mental Health

Answer 6

“A state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her abilities can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her community”
About 1 in 5 people experience mental health condition at some point in their life

Question 7

Misperceptions about Mental Illness

Answer 7

-Most people get information about mental health conditions from the media
-Media connects violence and mental health regularly
-Most violence is committed by people without a mental health condition

Question 8

Stigma

Answer 8

-Negative attitudes and inaccurate beliefs about people who have mental health conditions
-Stems from myths, inaccurate perceptions, and lack of information

Question 9

Why Stigma a Problem

Answer 9

-Prevents people from seeking treatment and getting support
-Discrimination in jobs, education, housing, and medical care
-Experienced by 90% of people with a mental health conditions
-The experience can be worse than living with a mental health condition

Question 10

Suicide as a Mental Health Problem

Answer 10

-Deadliness increases with age
-Youth -25:1
-Elderly- 4:1
-Suicide attempts often go unreported or untreated
-Females attempt suicide 3x more than males
-Males are 4x more likely to die by suicide than females

Question 11

Preventions

Answer 11

-Teach coping and problem-solving skills
-Identity and support people at risk
-Promote connectedness
-Strengths economic supports
-Strengthen access and delivery of care
-Create Protective environments
Lesson harms and prevents future risks

Question 12

The Environment and Health/ Everything except our genes

Answer 12

Intersection of
-History
-Sociology/Psychology
-Science
-Medicine/Epidemiology
-Policy
-Economics

Question 13

Thalidomide Story

Answer 13

First marketed and sold in the 1950s as a sedative, to treat nausea, and to treat anxiety insomnia
In the late 1950s, it was prescribed to pregnant women to treat morning sickness
Within a few years, more than 10,000
babies had been exposed in the womb. Less than half survived.
The most common defect associated with thalidomide exposures was the absence of long bones in limbs.
Some babies also had deformed eyes, hearts, and ears
Manufacture fought back against their part in defects, calling them “Acts of God”

Question 14

Atrazine

Answer 14

-One of the top two U.S. herbicides by usage
-Shifted male sexual differentiation in amphibians/ specifically frogs
-Dr. Tyrone Hayes was hired by Syngenta to research into effects of atrazine
-Attempted to control how and what his findings were released
-When that didn’t work, they sought to discredit him personally

Question 15

PFOA

Answer 15

-Perfluorooctanotic Acid
-Half-life in the environment is measured in eons, in humans takes decades to be excreted
-Found in the blood of more than 99% of Americans
-Widely used in cookware, stain-resistant fabric, and grease-resistant coating

Question 16

9/11 and First Responders

Answer 16

-The dust from the collapsed towers was “wildly toxic”, according to air pollution experts.
-The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers consisted of more than 2,500 contaminants.
-More of the dispersed substances (asbestos, crystalline silica, lead, cadmium, polycyclic aromatic, hydrocarbons) are carcinogenic.
-Epidemiology studies suggest an increased incidence of serious respiratory ailments, excess cancer for ground zero workers
-The Zadroga Act

Question 17

The Built Environment

Answer 17

What is it?
-The physical spaces, like buildings, roads, parks, plazas, and transportation
-Crucial impact on one’s well being
-Air pollution or noise pollution
-Clean, toxin, and contaminant free
-Proximity to health food stores
-Is there a social community?
-Walkability and exercise
-Parks and green spaces

Question 18

Changes in Built Environment throughout history

Answer 18

-Early cities were around plazas and waterways and were completely walkable
-Industrialization increased movement to cities, leading to overcrowding, disease, and poor sanitation
-Suburbs decreased walkability and mixed land use
-Car-centered transportation in modern suburbs
-After WWII, it becomes cheaper to build large 1 story buildings.

Question 19

Motor Vehicles

Answer 19

-Car ownership became widespread in the 20s
-Advertisements alongside the roads became larger and more common
-One of the leading causes of early mortality
-Leads to 1.3 million deaths around the world

Question 20

Policy Changes

Answer 20

Policy Change;
-Legislative or local level
-Schools
-Healthcare
-Worksites
-Community locations

Environmental Policy
-Changes to the physical and social environment
-To incorporate more parks
-Increasing availability of healthy foods

Question 21

Bees; Decreased in population and colony collapse

Answer 21

-Steady decrease in the population of honeybees is causing colony collapse disorder
def: worker bees in a bee colony disappear
Causes
-Use of pesticides(neonicotinoids and pyrethroids)
-Viruses (Tobacco Ringspot viruses and Israeli Acute paralysis virus)
-Altered nutrition and mite population

Question 22

Climate Change

Answer 22

-Use of fossil fuels leads to releasing greenhouse gases, causing changes in climate including temperature increase, decrease in species populations, and melting of glaciers/rising sea levels

Question 23

One Health

Answer 23

Def: the concept that brings together human, animal, and environmental health to create a holistic approach to protecting all living things

-Originates from Hippocrates’ book called on Airs, Waters, and Places
-Called “one medicine” in the 60s.

Question 24

Why Physical Activity is so Important

Answer 24

-Physical activity decreases the risk of many cancers
-Cardiovascular disease, and mortality
-Any level of activity has a positive impact
-Can decrease annual healthcare costs
-Obesity rates have been very high, including children’s obesity rates.

Question 25

Body Weight Stigma

Answer 25

-Healthcare professionals treat people differently based on their size and eight
-Care is denied or takes longer or people with larger weight
-Can lead to a variety of negative mental and physical health impacts
-Guilt, bullying, loneliness, anxiety, eating disorders, stress, worse sleep
-Aging, Overeating, decreased immune function, increased blood pressure, inflammation, and insulin resistance

Question 26

Physical Health and Mental Health

Answer 26

-Exercise has a positive impact on a person’s mental health
-Including reducing anxiety and depression and sleep problems
-Active young people can decrease their symptoms of depression with regular physical activity
-Reduced risk of dementia and Alzheimers
-Decreased risk of postpartum depression in pregnant people
-Improved cognition in young children and older adults
-And the generally improved quality of life