Exam 2 Flashcards
Food Insecurity and Hunger
Food insecurity: the disruption of food intake or eating patterns because of lack of money and other resources
Distinct, but related to hunger
Hunger” refers to a personal, physical sensation of discomfort
Role of Poverty in food insecurity
Though food insecurity is closely related to poverty, not all people living below the poverty line experience food insecurity and people living above the poverty line can experience food insecurity.
Food Desert
Food desert; an area with limited access to affordable and nutritious food
Urban and suburban zones: areas 1 mile or more from a supermarket
Rural zones: areas 10 or more miles from a supermarket
Global Food Insecurity
causes; conflict and insecurity, economic shocks, health shocks, weather extremes, pests, displacement
Hunger as a Weapon of War
Acts of commission: attacks on food production, markets, and the restriction of people’s movement
Acts of omission: the failure to act, such as when food relief is blocked
Acts of provision: the selective provision of aid to one side of a conflict.
Biology of Metabolic Diseases
Diabetes; a public health epidemic
Type 1; no insulin to activate the receptor
Type 2; receptor less sensitive to insulin
Non modifiable risk factor: Physical inactivity
Modifiable risk factor: physical inactivity
Obesity: changes in prevalence for obesity mirror those seen for Type II diabetes.
Factors affecting Health, behavior, and health behavior
Behavioral Health
The way your habits impact your mental and physical wellbeing
Includes factors like eating and drinking habits, exercise, and additive behavior patterns.
Social Ecological Model
Individual; knowledge, attitudes, slills
Interpersonal: families, friends, social networks
Organizational; organizations, social institutions
Community: relationships between organizations
Policy: State, local laws, and regulations
Personality, Learning, and Learning types
Personality; physical and mental traits that are characteristics of an individual
Learning: process by which changes occur in behavior through experiences or practice
Coginitive learning, affecting learning, conative learning
Community and Community Health
Community: a group of people who share common attitudes, interests,s and goals.
Community Health believes that understanding individuals’ social forces and behaviors can be used to improve the lives of individuals and communities.
Protective Factors
Protective Factors: things that in place, either individual characteristics or community assets that reduce the impact of a risk facto
Role of three government branches in public health
Legislative: creates policy and allocates resources
Executive: public health agencies carry out the law,
they may issue regulations consistent with statutes
Judicial: interpret laws, settle legal disputes
6 Main function of the federal government in public health
1) policy making
2) Financing
3) Health protection
4) Collection and dissemination of health and healthcare delivery systems information
5) capacity Building for population health
6) direct management of services
Key federal agencies involved in public health
-CDC
-NIH
-FDA
-Indian Health Services
-EPA
Role of state and local public health agencies
-Roles vary across the country:
surveillance of disease and health of the population
testing, screening, and notification
-State Health Departments
Provide funding to local health agencies and coordinate activities
collect and analyze data provided by the local agencie
The tragedy of the commons
When the short-term self interacts leads to tragedy for all
water belongs to anyone, I take as much as I want
vs
seems there’s less and less these days
Controversies in public health
-Economic impact of public health measures
-Individual liberty
-Moral and religious oppoption
-Political interferances with science
Unique features of public health and core values of public health
-Unique features: based on social justice philosophy, inherently political, ever-expanding agenda, link with government, grounded in the sciences, use of prevention as a prime strategy
-Core values; evidence based results, justice and equity, community engagement, obligation to prevent harm and protect health, respect for individuals, trust
Social justice versus market justice approaches
-Social Justice; health care is social resouce/ benefit
-Market Justice: Health care is economic good
Communicable vs Non-communicable disease
-Communicable: infectious disease, transmissible between individuals
-Non coomunicable; chronic disease, not transferred from an infected person by any means
Epidemiologic transition
-Epidemiologic transition; the process by which the pattern of mortality and disease in a population is transformed from one of high mortality among infants and children episodic famine and epidemics affecting all age groups to one degenerative and human-made diseases
Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)
DALY: the total number of years lost to illness, disability, or premature death within a given population
-DALY-YLD (years lived with disability) + YLL (years of life lost)
Major contributors to disase burden
1 cardiovascular disease
2 cancer
3 Neonatal disroders
Associations between per capita health care expenditures and life expectancy
There is a negative relationships between health expenditure per capita and disease burden
Genetics Factors
-Genetic; Sickle cell Anemia, Down’s syndrome
-Mixed: heart diases, cancer
-Environmental; Asbestosis, infectious Disease
Infant mortality. Life expectancy
-Infant mortality; the number of infant deaths for every 1000 lives births.
-Life expectancy; a statistical measure of the average time an individual is expected to live based on their year of birth, current age, and other demographics
Epidemiology as a field/discipline
Epidemiology: the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states in specified populations, and the application of this study to control health problems.
Descriptive Epidemiology
-Covers time, place, and population affected by the condition
-when, where, and who
-Necessary for characterizing the population’s health status and needs
-Useful for generating hypotheses about causes
Analytic Epidemiology
-Search for causes and effects of disease
why and how?
-Evalutates association between exposures and outcomes
-Tests hypotheses about potentially casual relationships
Case-control studies
-strenth good for rare disease
-weaknesse; hard to study rare exposures
cases and control exposed or unexposed
Prospective cohort studies
-Strenth; good for studying rare exposures
-Weakness hard for rare diseases
Randomized control trials
-Strenth good for rare exposures
-Weakness: may not be ethical
Five types of pathogens
Viruses
Bacteria
Parasites
Prions–> any type of protein that can cause disease in animals and humans by creating abnormal folds in brain proteins
Antibiotics
-Commonly used to treat bacterial infections
-Antibiotics work by blocking vital processes in bacteria. they kill bacteria or stop it from spreading. this helps the body’s natural immune system to fight the infection.
Vaccinations
-Vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious disease
-Herd Immunity; when the majority of a population is immune so those who are unvaccinated or never infected are protected
-Early forms of vaccinations; snorting, bleeding out, embedding
-Active Immunity
Natural infection
-Artificial vaccination
Passive Immunity
Artificial; monoclonal anitbodies
Important Words to Know
-Endemic; outbreak in a geographic area that exists within a border
-Epidemic: a disease that affects a larger number of people within a community; population, or region
-Pandemic; a global epidemic
-Outbreak; when the number of cases exceeds the normal amount.
Global Health
-Globalization is the process by which regions, societies and cultures have become integrated through a global network of ideas via communication, transportation and trade
-People can move pathogens, knowledge, environmental pollutants
-Facilitates the spread of information and disinformation
Health Policy and Healthcare Deliver
Who pays for health care?
-taxpayers
-Private health insurers
-Employer insurance
-Uninsured out of pocket
What causes variation in cost?
-Difference in need (social determinants of health and population diffs)
why is it so expensive
Primary Care
-Provided be medical professionals specifially trained for comprehensive first contact and continuing care for persons with undiagnosed signs, symptoms, or health concerns
-Efective Primary care requires the physician to have a level of cultural competence and cultural humility
What’s Insurance?
A contract represented by a policy in which an individual or entity receives financial protection or reimbursement against losses from an insurance company
They calculate the “risk” of taking you on a client
Insurance Vocab
deductible
co-payments
out of pocket expenses
referrals
In-Network Providers
Medicaid
Medicaid is a public health insurance program for low-income people
It is run through federal-state partnerships and is financed by state and federal taxes.
Medicare
Medicare is a national health insurance program that primarily supports Americans age 65+ and some younger people with disabilities.
Costs are covered by payroll taxes, and premium paid by enrollees.
There are factors that affect health as you age
-Social, political, and economic determinants of health
-risk factors
Modifiable- things you can change like physical activity habits and diet
-Non-Modififable; fixed factors like sex, genetics, race
-Protective factors; factors that make you less at risk of certain illnesses
-you should know specific risk factors for osteoporosis, arthritis, cancer metabolic disease, dementia, and alzheimer’s
hearing, Dental, and eye effects
-Hearing loss; affects 1 in 4 adults over 60, and is much more than just losing hearing
-Vision Loss 65% of individuals with visual impairment and 82% who are blind are over 50 years old
-Dental issues; dry mouth, denture problems, and tooth decay
Types of Insitutions
-Primary care
-Hospitals
-Nursing homes
-Rehabs
-Urgent care
-Imaging/radiology
Funding
-For-profit vs not for profit
for-profit, pays taxes, serve a board of investors, provide care based on makes the most money
Not for profit; do not pay taxes, provide care based on needs community
some non-profit have religious affilations
