exam 4 psychology

Question 1

learning that persists over time

Answer 1

memory

Question 2

retrieving info that isn’t currently in your conscious awareness but was learned at an earlier time (fill in the blank question)

Answer 2

recall

Question 3

identifying items previously learned (multiple choice question)

Answer 3

recognition

Question 4

learning something quicker than the first time you learned it (when you review the first weeks of source work for final exam)

Answer 4

relearning

Question 5

get information into your brain

Answer 5

encoding

Question 6

retain information

Answer 6

storage

Question 7

later getting the information back out

Answer 7

retrieval

Question 8

processing multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem

Answer 8

parallel processing

Question 9

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

Answer 9

sensory memory

Question 10

briefly activated memory of a few items (such as digits of a phone number while calling) that is later stored or forgotten

Answer 10

short-term memory

Question 11

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences

Answer 11

long-term memory

Question 12

retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare.”

Answer 12

explicit memory

Question 12

a newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both (1) incoming sensory information and (2) information retrieved from long-term memory.

Answer 12

working memory

Question 13

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection

Answer 13

implicit memory

Question 14

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings

Answer 14

automatic processing

Question 15

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Answer 15

effortful processing

Question 16

enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information

Answer 16

testing effect

Question 17

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

Answer 17

chunking

Question 18

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words

Answer 18

shallow processing

Question 19

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words; tends to yield the best retention

Answer 19

deep processing

Question 20

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second

Answer 20

iconic memory

Question 21

the neural storage of a long-term memory

Answer 21

memory consolidation

Question 22

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

Answer 22

flashbulb memory

Question 23

a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds

Answer 23

echoic memory

Question 24

explicit memory of facts and general knowledge; one of our two conscious memory systems

Answer 24

semantic memory

Question 25

explicit memory of personally experienced events; one of our two conscious memory systems

Answer 25

episodic memory

Question 26

a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit (conscious) memories—of facts and events—for storage

Answer 26

hippocampus

Question 27

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one’s perception, memory, or response

Answer 27

priming

Question 28

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood

Answer 28

mood-congruent memory

Question 29

our tendency to recall best the last (recency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list

Answer 29

serial position effect

Question 30

an increase in a nerve cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory

Answer 30

long-term potientation (LTP)

Question 31

an inability to form new memories

Answer 31

anterograde amnesia

Question 32

an inability to remember information from one’s past

Answer 32

retrograde amnesia

Question 33

a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

Answer 33

reconsolidation

Question 34

the forward-acting disruptive effect of older learning on the recall of new information

Answer 34

proactive interference

Question 35

the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old information

Answer 35

retroactive interference

Question 36

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories

Answer 36

repression

Question 37

occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information

Answer 37

misinformation effect

Question 38

faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined.

Answer 38

source amnesia

Question 39

cognition about our cognition; keeping track of and evaluating our mental processes

Answer 39

metacognition

Question 40

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Answer 40

concept

Question 41

a mental image or best example of a category

Answer 41

prototype

Question 42

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics

Answer 42

algorithm

Question 43

a simple thinking strategy—a mental shortcut—that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than an algorithm

Answer 43

heuristic

Question 44

in cognition, the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an obstacle to problem solving

Answer 44

fixation

Question 45

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Answer 45

confirmation bias

Question 46

according to Spearman and others, underlies all mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

Answer 46

general intelligence

Question 47

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease with age, especially during late adulthood

Answer 47

fluid intelligence

Question 48

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

Answer 48

emotional intelligence

Question 49

a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data

Answer 49

normal curve

Question 50

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Answer 50

stereotype threat

Question 51

the proportion of variation among individuals in a group that we can attribute to genes

Answer 51

heritability

Question 52

a focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed

Answer 52

growth mindset