exam 2 sociology

Question 1

Structural inequalities built into society, impacting economic opportunities, cultural status, and social standing. This involves relatively stable categories where life experiences depend on one’s category, with change occurring gradually

Answer 1

social stratification

Question 2

Categories within a society defined by

Answer 2

class

Question 3

a class that includes purchasing power, earnings, wages, assets, investments, wealth, and savings.

Answer 3

economic indicators

Question 4

a class that includes access and quality of education, including public schools, private schools, higher education, and elite institutions.

Answer 4

education

Question 5

a class that includes type of work, credentials required, skills needed, and connections involved

Answer 5

occupation

Question 6

a class that includes social regard for one’s job, lifestyle distinctions, including dress and tastes

Answer 6

prestige

Question 7

a class that includes access to quality healthcare, affordability of insurance, long-term health outcomes, and mental health.

Answer 7

health

Question 8

Disparities in wealth and income distribution

Answer 8

economic inequality

Question 9

The concentration of wealth among the top 1% of earners.

Answer 9

the 1% explosion

Question 10

Growing disparity between the wealthiest Americans and the rest of the population, contradicting historical narratives of equality and opportunity.

Answer 10

extreme inequality

Question 11

Increasing gap between worker productivity and wages

Answer 11

wage and productivity widening

Question 12

Impact of a globalized economy on wages and inequality

Answer 12

globalization

Question 13

Influence of technology and automation on job markets and income distribution.

Answer 13

technological advancements

Question 14

The ability to move between different socioeconomic positions.

Answer 14

social mobility

Question 15

Moving to a higher socioeconomic position, often observed across generations and strongest among educated, white males.

Answer 15

upward mobility

Question 16

Moving to a lower socioeconomic position, influenced by factors like globalization, automation, outsourcing, deregulation, and shifts in the economy.

Answer 16

downward mobility

Question 17

Lack of access to basic necessities for survival.

Answer 17

absolute poverty

Question 18

A measure of inequality comparing an individual’s standard of living to the majority

Answer 18

relative poverty

Question 19

Increasing poverty rates among single-parent families headed by women.

Answer 19

feminization of poverty

Question 20

Individuals who are employed but earn insufficient income to rise above the poverty line.

Answer 20

working poor

Question 21

Socially constructed roles, behaviors, and expectations associated with biological sex

Answer 21

gender

Question 22

The process of learning and internalizing gender roles and expectations.

Answer 22

gender socialization

Question 23

Dominant cultural ideals of masculinity that reinforce gender inequalities.

Answer 23

hegemonic masculinity

Question 24

The performance and enactment of gender roles in social interactions.

Answer 24

doing gender

Question 25

Disparities and discrimination based on gender

Answer 25

gender inequality

Question 26

Increasing but with persistent gender typing and segregation in employment

Answer 26

female labor force participation

Question 27

Barriers that limit women's advancement to top positions in organizations

Answer 27

glass ceilings

Question 28

Challenges faced by working mothers, including hiring biases, pay gaps, and balancing work and family responsibilities

Answer 28

mothers in the workforce

Question 29

The unpaid domestic labor disproportionately performed by women in addition to their paid work.

Answer 29

the second shift

Question 30

A socially constructed category based on perceived physical differences that have no biological basis

Answer 30

race

Question 31

The historical process of attributing social meanings and hierarchies to perceived racial differences, leading to the development of racial categories.

Answer 31

the social construction of race

Question 32

Beliefs and practices that perpetuate the idea of racial superiority or inferiority.

Answer 32

racism

Question 33

Shared cultural practices and traditions that distinguish a group of people

Answer 33

ethnicity

Question 34

Racism embedded within social institutions, resulting in persistent inequalities.

Answer 34

institutional racism

Question 35

Preconceived, inflexible beliefs about a group, often based on stereotypes.

Answer 35

prejudice

Question 36

Actions that deny resources or opportunities to members of a particular group.

Answer 36

discrimination

Question 37

Groups that face social and economic disadvantages compared to the dominant group due to their physical or cultural characteristics.

Answer 37

minority groups

Question 38

Disparities and discrimination based on race

Answer 38

racial inequality

Question 39

Separation of racial groups into different neighborhoods, often with unequal access to resources and opportunities.

Answer 39

residential segregation

Question 40

Disproportionate representation of certain racial groups within the criminal justice system.

Answer 40

incarceration rates