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BSC 2010 - Biology I > Exam #4 - Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Exam #4 - Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis is the synthesis of _______.

A

sugar

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2
Q

Just as cellular respiration releases energy, photosynthesis _______ energy.

A

requires

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3
Q

In photosynthesis, we ______ energy to make sugar.

A

harvest

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4
Q

How do we store energy? Within….?

A

Electrons

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5
Q

Biochemically speaking, what is needed to make sugar?

A

1) Carbon source - raw material
2) Energy - sun
3) Electrons - store energy

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6
Q

We need a source of carbon to _____ those electrons to store that energy.

A

carry

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7
Q

Carbon fixation means making carbon _______.

A

organic

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8
Q

What does that mean? Making carbon “organic”?

A

Making carbon bonded to Hydrogen

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9
Q

Plants take carbon from the ___ and make it organic.

A

air. THAT’S THE SOURCE!

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10
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 + Light energy —> CH2O + O2

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11
Q

What is the delta G of this process?

Endothermic or exothermic?

A

+ 686 kcal/mol

Endothermic, requires energy

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12
Q

Is photosynthesis the reverse of cellular respiration?

A

NO. It’s not the same process backwards

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13
Q

_______ is not the immediate product of photosynthesis . You can make glucose from the sugar product, but it is not the actual product.

A

Glucose

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14
Q

Only ___ CO2 is fixed at a time in the calvin cycle.

In other words, CO2 is metabolized ___ at a time.

A

one

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15
Q

6CO2 + 6H20 + Light energy —>CH2O + O2

Which reactant is oxidized?

A

H20

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16
Q

If you lose hydrogen, you’re ________.

If you gain hydrogen, you’re ________.

A

oxidized

reduced

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17
Q

6CO2 + 6H20 + Light energy —> CH2O + O2

Which reactant is reduced?

A

CO2

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18
Q

What is CH2O?

A

A symbol for sugar.

A carbohydrate, CH2O

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19
Q

What do all organisms require?

A

Organic compounds

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20
Q

Who MAKES organic compounds from CO2?

A

Autotroph

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21
Q

What does autotroph mean?

A

Self feeder. You make your own food.

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22
Q

Who must OBTAIN organic compounds from other organisms?

A

Heterotrophs

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23
Q

Animals are ________.

A

heterotrophs

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24
Q

Photosynthesis is making _____ from the energy of ______.

A

sugar, light

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25
Q

It’s an energy transformation, from light energy into ______ energy stored in sugar.

A

chemical

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26
Q

In eukaryotes, photosynthesis occurs in _________.

A

chloroplasts

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27
Q

Do prokaryotes do photosynthesis? If so, which ones?

A

Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic, but they don’t do photosynthesis because they don’t have chloroplasts

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28
Q

Eukaryotes do photosynthesis in _______, and in plants, it happens in _______.

A

chloroplasts, leaves

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29
Q

Are there any non-plant eukaryotes that can do photosynthesis?

A

The protist Euglena - photosynthetic

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30
Q

The leaf absorbs ___ from the atmosphere.

A

CO2

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31
Q

CO2 is the source of ______ to make sugar.

A

carbon

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32
Q

It is the leaf that releases _______. We said it’s one of the byproducts of photosynthesis.

A

oxygen

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33
Q

That leaves us with water…where does water come from?
Water comes from the ______ which the plants brings up through vessels known as _____ vessels into the leaf where it can be used to make sugar.

A

ground, xylem

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34
Q

Why do plants need water?

We need CARBON…we need energy (SUNLIGHT), we need to store the energy….ELECTRONS. Where do you get electrons?

A

HYDROGEN. H20, water, is a source of electrons!

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35
Q

Leaves have pores called ______.

A

stomata

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36
Q

What are the leaf cells where photosynthesis happens?

A

Mesophyll cells

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37
Q

What is located within the mesophyll cells?

A

Chloroplast

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38
Q

Mesophyll cells are loaded with ________…that’s the whole purpose! To do photosynthesis!

A

Chloroplast

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39
Q

The chloroplast is a complex organelle, bounded by ___ membranes

A

two

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40
Q

Does the inter membrane space of chloroplast have any significance?

A

No significance

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41
Q

What is important is the fluid filled space bounded by the inter membrane, and this is called the ______.

A

stroma

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42
Q

The _____ is where the soluble biochemistry happens.

A

stroma

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43
Q

Where does the calvin cycle occur?

A

In the stroma

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44
Q

Floating within the stroma is this third extended membrane, and it’s called the _______.

A

thylakoid

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45
Q

Again, the thylakoid is an extended membrane. In some regions they’re organized into these columns. These columns are called _______.

A

grana

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46
Q

What is a singular column called ?

What are multiple columns called ?

A

Granum

Grana

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47
Q

Where does the membrane biochemistry happen?

A

Grana

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48
Q

Where is the chlorophyll found?

A

In the thylakoid membrane

49
Q

The thylakoid is an enclosed space. There is a lumen within, and it’s called the thylakoid ______.

A

lumen

50
Q

Photosynthesis has ___ stages.

A

two

51
Q

What are the two stages called?

A

1) Light reactions

2) Light independent-reactions

52
Q

Light reactions use the energy of light to energize ________.

A

electrons

53
Q

Whose electrons?

A

Water’s electrons

54
Q

Water’s electrons are energy _____.

We’re going to get those electrons and in order to energize them…we need to rip them away from the oxygen!

A

poor.

55
Q

Once we take those electrons (hydrogens) away, we need to transfer them to an electron carrier. An electron carrier is called a ________.

A

coenzyme.

56
Q

What is the coenzyme that’s going to carry the electrons from hydrogen?

A

NADP+

57
Q

How is NADP+ different from NAD?

A

It has a phosphate on it

58
Q

We have a dedicated coenzyme for photosynthesis, which is called ____.

A

NADP+ (You can think “NADP+, P for photosynthesis”

59
Q

How many electrons and protons does NADP+ carry?

A

2e and 1p

60
Q

What is the reduced coenzyme of NADP+?

A

NADPH

61
Q

That’s the whole point of the light reactions…to get those high energy electrons in the form of ______.

A

NADPH

62
Q

The NADPH will then _____ the electrons to the next stage (light-independent reactions).

A

carry

63
Q

NADPH will reduce ___ to make sugar.

A

CO2

64
Q

Light reactions take electrons from H2O, give it to _____, then we get NADPH.
NADPH takes the electrons and reduces ___. So we get sugar.

A

NADP+, CO2

65
Q

It’s at this stage where we oxidize NADPH and we get _____ again.

A

NADP+

66
Q

But we also need some ____ to run this light-independent reaction.

A

ATP

67
Q

Where do we get the ATP?

A

It’s a product of the light reactions

68
Q

Light enters the leaf, enters the mesophyll cell, enters the chloroplast and strikes the ______.

A

Granum

69
Q

The _____ is where the light is harvested. And that’s where the ______ must be obtained.

A

granum, electrons

70
Q

When you take electrons away from water, what are you left with?

A

Oxygen

71
Q

Who do you give the electrons to?

A

The NADP+ and you get NADPH

72
Q

How is the ATP made?

A

From ADP and inorganic phosphate. Reattach them and you get ATP

73
Q

What are the two products of the light reactions?

A

NADPH and ATP.

They’re going to feed into the calvin cycle.

74
Q

Light has properties of ______ and _______.

A

waves and particles

75
Q

The particle is called a _______.

A

photon

76
Q

Photons are ______ particles with fixed amounts of energy.

A

discrete

77
Q

There is a relationship between the amount of energy and the wavelength.
The shorter the wavelength, the ______ the energy.
The lower the energy, the ______ the wavelength.

A

greater

longer

78
Q

We can see light between (approximately) ___ nm - ___ nm

A

400-800nm

79
Q

It is that portion, ______ light, that also fuels photosynthesis.

A

visible

80
Q

When light strikes matter, what three things can happen?

A

1) reflected
2) transmitted - passes through the matter
3) ABSORBED

81
Q

It is only light _______ that can do any work.

A

absorbed

82
Q

How is light harvested?

Light is absorbed by the ________ of the chloroplast.

A

thylakoids

83
Q

What do thylakoids have in order to absorb light?

A

Pigments

84
Q

Pigments are the chemical that ______ light.

A

absorb

85
Q

What is the main pigment for photosynthesis?

A

Chlorophyll a

86
Q

The photosystem is the light harvesting unit of the _________.

A

chloroplast.

87
Q

These photosystem units have three components.

What are the three units?

A

1) Antenne complex
2) Reaction center chlorophyll
3) Primary electron acceptor - accepts the excited electron so that it doesn’t drop down to the ground state.

88
Q

What is that called, when you pass an electron from molecule to another?

A

Redox

89
Q

Which photosystem operates first in the light reactions?

A

Photosystem II

90
Q

What’s the difference between the two photosystems?

A

They operate at different times in the light reactions and that is because their reaction center chlorophylls have slightly DIFFERENT ABSORBANCE PEAKS , so they’re going to function in either this stage or that.

91
Q

Light reactions have ____ parts.

A

four

92
Q

What are the four parts of the light reactions?

A

1) Photosystem II - going to capture the excited electron
2) Electron transport chain - use the excited electron and to create a proton gradient
- use the proton gradient to make ATP
-at this point, the energy of the electron is low, need to re-energize it.
3) Photosystem I - re-energizes the electron, then passes it
4) Electron transport chain - short chain, then passes it to NADP+, and we got the electron.
DONE.

93
Q

All of this is happening in the _______ membrane.

A

thylakoid

94
Q

Steps of the light reactions…

1) Photosystem II absorbs _____.
-electron is transferred to the _______ _______ _______.
-reaction center is oxidized/reduced?
-primary electron center is oxidized/reduced?
(FIRST REDOX OF photosynthesis)

A

light
primary electron acceptor
reaction center is oxidized
primary electron center is reduced

95
Q

If this photosystem is ever going to function again, what do we have to do?

A

A source of electrons from water in order to keep this process going

96
Q

Steps of the light reactions…

2) Obtain an electron from ___.
- This requires an ______ to split the water, removing its electrons, removing the protons and putting them into solution.
- highly ________ process.
- Where does the energy source come from to energize the electrons?

A

H2O
enzyme
endergonic

The energy to take electrons from water is coming from the SUNLIGHT . This allows us to oxidize the water.

97
Q

At the end of the light reactions, the energy rich electrons will go to ______.

A

NADP+, then reducing it, making NADPH, which is the primary product of the light reactions.

98
Q

Light-independent reactions is in the form of a cyclical pathway known as the ______ cycle.

A

Calvin

99
Q

It is the Calvin cycle which will _______ NADPH. We use the electrons to _______ CO2, and we get sugar.

A

oxidize, reduce

100
Q

Steps of the light reactions…

3) Excited electron is transferred to an E.T.C
- ATP is made by ___________.

A

chemiosmosis

101
Q

Protons moving across the thylakoid membrane from the ______ to the _______ ______.

A

stroma to thylakoid lumen

102
Q

Making ATP from ADP and an inorganic phosphate driven by light energy is called ____________.

A

photophosphorylation

103
Q

In chloroplasts, we concentrate protons in the ________ ______.

A

thylakoid lumen

104
Q

Protons flow back into the _______.

A

stroma

105
Q

Where do the electrons go?

A

Electrons come off the chain and reduce photosystem I

106
Q

Steps of the light reactions…

4) P.S I absorbs ______.
- It is Re-excited by another photon
- Transferred to a 2nd primary electron acceptor

A

light

107
Q

Steps of the light reactions…

5) Excited electron is transferred to a 2nd ____.

A

E.T.C

108
Q

Steps of the light reactions…

6) Electron passed to NADP+ —> _______.

A

NADPH.

Done.

Goal of the light reactions: Make NADPH, make ATP

109
Q

Steps of the light reactions…

1) P.S II absorbs _____
2) Obtain an _______.
3) Excited electron is transferred to an ____.
4) P.S I absorbs ____.
5) Excited electron is transferred to a 2nd ____.
6) Electron passed to NADP+ —> _______

A 
light 
electron
E.T.C
light 
E.T.C
NADPH
110
Q

How many photons are required to make one NADPH?

A

4 photons

111
Q

Stage 2 : ______ cycle.

Occurs in the ______.

A

Calvin cycle

stroma

112
Q

The calvin cycle is what produces ______.

A

sugar

113
Q

The Calvin cycle has __ parts.

A

3

114
Q

The first part of the Calvin cycle is _______ _______.
The second part is ________.
The third part is the ___________ of the CO2 acceptor.

A

carbon fixation
reduction
regeneration

115
Q

What is the CO2 acceptor?

A

RuBP.

When CO2 joins with RuBP, you get an organic product. Carbon fixation.

116
Q

What is the sugar product of photosynthesis?

A

G3P

117
Q

How many cycles generate ONE G3P?

A

3

You need 3 CO2 to make ONE 3 carbon sugar

118
Q

What is the molecule used to “fix” CO2?

A

RuBP.

119
Q

What is the enzyme that catalyzes carbon fixation?

A

Rubisco

BSC 2010 - Biology I (9 decks)

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