Exam # 1 - Lecture Notes 1-6 Flashcards
What are the eight characteristics of life?
1) Regulated
2) Responsive
3) Reproduces
4) Uses energy
5) Grows
6) Carries instructions
7) Complex/ordered
8) Well-adapted
Does a bacteria cell qualify as life?
Yes, absolutely
Is a virus alive?
No. The virus is not alive because it depends so fundamentally on the cell in order to accomplish the qualities of life
Nothing less than a ____ is alive.
cell
What did Stanley Miller get when he did his experiment?
Amino acids
How many elements occur naturally?
92
How many elements are essential to life?
25
Which four elements make up 96% of living matter?
CHON
Which elements make up the remaining 4%?
Na, P, S, Ca, K, Mg, Cl
The remaining fourteen elements are each present less than ___%. These elements are called _____ elements.
.01%. Trace
If the human body lacks iodine you get ______.
goiter
Atoms combine into ________.
molecules
______ are used for individual atoms and molecules…really tiny matter that you can’t even see.
Dalton’s
The electron is important for two reasons, what are those two reasons?
1) Chemical bonding
2) Storing energy - POTENTIAL ENERGY
______ are atoms that vary in their number of neutrons.
Isotopes
If you are studying the chemistry of the cell, this is referred to as…
metabolism
In biology, it’s not electrons flowing through a copper wire…it’s electrons in…
biological molecules
Why are different elements required for life? Does it matter where an element is on the periodic table? Does it tell us anything about its properties?
Yeah, HOW IT REACTS
The various atoms want to fill…
their outer shells
Behavior depends on the ______ electrons.
valence
What are electrons called in the outer shell?
Valence electrons
Which theory more accurately describes an electrons position in space?
Orbital theory
How many orbitals are contained in the first shell?
One orbital
What’s the orbital called in the first shell and what’s its shape?
s orbital, spherical
How many orbitals are found in the second shell?
FOUR orbitals
How many electrons does one orbital hold?
TWO electrons
The first shell can hold a maximum of ___ electrons. The second shell can hold ____ orbitals, and each one can hold a maximum of _____ electrons.
two, four, two
The _____ rule means you want to have _____ electrons.
octet rule, eight electrons
If you’re hydrogen, you want to have ____ electrons to complete your shell, since only one electron fills its first shell.
two
When a hydrogen bonds with another hydrogen, it forms a covalent bond. H-H. That new hydrogen is no longer an atom, but a ________.
molecule.
How many covalent bonds will oxygen form?
TWO COVALENT BONDS because it already has six electrons in its second shell.
Define a molecule…
Atoms held together by covalent bonds.
How many covalent bonds does phosphorus form?
FIVE covalent bonds. Three single covalent and two double covalent
Phosphorus in biology is typically bonded to _______.
oxygen
Is water charged?
NO, WATER IS NOT CHARGED
There are _____ charges within water due to unequal sharing of electrons.
partial
Is having partial charges within a molecule the same thing as being charged?
No.
Where do you expect partial charges to be in the biological molecule?
CHON
In CHON, which are more electronegative and which are less electronegative?
More electronegative = O and N
Less electronegative = C and H
What happens when you get either O and N with either C or H?
You get partial charge
We are ______ based.
carbon
If your biological molecule has either _____ or _____ in it…you’ll have partial charge.
Oxygen or nitrogen
What is a polar covalent bond?
A bond where the sharing of electrons are unequal
Oxygen contains two polar/non-polar covalent bonds?
two non-polar covalent bonds because they have equal electronegativity, and also because their electrons share equally
What is a non-polar covalent bond?
A bond where the electrons equally share
Hydrogen contains a polar/non-polar covalent bond?
non-polar covalent bond
Is methane polar or non-polar?
non-polar because no partial charge and the electrons share equally
Name the four weak interactions
ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions and hydrophobic interactions
Ionic bond, weak or strong in biology?
WEAK
Compounds held together ionically are called _____.
salts
Can a molecule be an ion?
Yes
Ammonium chloride…what is that?
The chloride is an anion and the ammonium is actually the cation…it has a positive charge…so they stick together…salt
Inorganic phosphate….molecule?
Yes, it’s a molecule…BUT IT’S ALSO AN ION BECAUSE WE GAINED AN ELECTRON!
Bio molecules usually bear partial and full charges which dictates their _______ and _______.
structures and functions
What’s the charge of DNA?
Negative charge because of the ACID
The strength of an ionic bond depends on the _______.
environment
In water, ionic bonds have _/__ the strength of covalent bonds.
1/10th
The cell itself is __% water.
70%
What is required in a hydrogen bond?
1) hydrogen - must have a partial charge
2) the hydrogen needs to be bonded to oxygen or nitrogen
Are hydrogens in water suited for hydrogen bonding?
Absolutely
Van der Waals interactions can occur between…
two non-polar chemical groups
Van der Waals interactions can occur between two non-polar chemical groups which means…
no partial charge
What are transient partial charges?
Temporary, brief, not permanent
Hydrophobic interactions can also occur between…
two non-polar chemical groups
What chemical groups don’t like water?
non-polar chemical groups don’t like water
Why don’t non-polar chemical groups like water?
They’re not charged…they don’t have partial charge.
What are the two ways in which weak interactions are important?
Weak interactions work both intermolecularly and intramolecularly…
They work intErmolecularly to hold two molecules togEther.
They work intrAmolecularly to establish the molecule’s 3D shApe.
What four reasons determine shape?
1) which atoms are bonded to each other
2) the orbitals
3) Intramolecular weak interactions
4) Environmental conditions - oil sticks together in water
When covalent bonds form, valance shell orbitals _______ and _______.
combine and rearrange
Which atoms among CHON does this type of hybridization pertain to?
Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen
Sp3 hybridizations happens when these three atoms form…
SINGLE COVALENT BONDS
When a carbon forms with hydrogen to form methane, you get…
SP3 HYBRIDIZATION. SINGLE COVALENT BONDS.
What is it that makes the chain fold?
Weak interactions
__________ weak interactions help determine shape.
intramolecular
At chemical equilibrium, what is equal?
The rates forwards and the rates backwards
Does equilibrium happen in the cells?
NO. Equilibrium is a principle that is applicable to the test tube where we can isolate a reaction.
Reactions in the cell run in metabolic pathways, THERE IS NO EQUILIBRIUM IN THE CELL.
When did the Earth form?
4.54 billion years ago
When did life appear?
3-4 billion years ago
How long did life remain in water?
About 3 billion years
How many years ago did life move to land?
About 500 million years ago
How many hydrogen bonds can a single water form?
FOUR
Water sticks to itself…this is called _______.
cohesion
Water sticks to other substances that have partial or full charge…this is called ________.
adhesion
Water also has high ______ _____.
high specific heat
Why does it take a lot of energy to increase temperature in water?
First you have to break the hydrogen bonds. So energy goes into breaking the hydrogen bonds, and then the water molecules start moving more quickly. It takes more heat.
What is a macromolecule?
A molecule that is over a 1000 daltons
Hydrophilic vs hydrophobic…
Hydrophilic = water loving. Something that is hydrophilic does not mean a substance is also soluble. Hydrophobic = water fearing. Avoid water.
A mole weighs the number of _____ of an atom or molecule that is numerically equivalent as the number of ______ in its atomic weight.
grams, daltons
1 atom of carbon would weigh…
12 daltons
A mole of carbon would weigh…
12 grams
What does a mole of sucrose weigh? (C12H22O11)
12x12 + 22x1 + 11x16 = 342 daltons.
How many molecules does a mole of sucrose (342 daltons) weigh?
342 x 6.02x10^23
Ethanol weighs 46g…how many molecules does it contain?
6.02x10^23 molecules
How many daltons are equal to one gram?
6.02x10^23
How many atoms are in a mole of sucrose (C12H22O11)?
12 + 22 + 11 = 45 atoms.
45 x 6.02x10^23
A substance is a base if it ______ the proton concentration.
An acid is a substance that will ______ the proton concentration by dissociating.
reduces, increase
Cellular pH is maintained by _______.
buffers
What did vitalism say?
Biological molecules are the result of a life force
Wöhler did an experiment that contradicted vitalism. He took the compound _________ _______ and he converted it into ____.
ammonium cyanate, urea
What is the structure of ethane?
Two tetrahedral pointing directly at each other
What do double bonds do to the shape of the molecule?
They create a planer. Flat.
What are compounds made up or carbon an hydrogen called?
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons are….
ENERGY-RICH
Why are hydrocarbon’s energy rich?
NON-POLAR COVALENT BONDS. Non-polar covalent bonds make for very energetic molecules.
When a hydroxyl is present in a chemical group, what does it make that chemical group?
An alcohol
If you have a hydroxyl, you are technically an ______.
alcohol
What’s important about carboxyl groups?
They have a tendency to ionize…
What will the charge of a single carboxyl group contribute to a molecule?
1- (negative). Also think, carboxylic acid (1-)
Why is pH important?
It dictates the behavior of ions
At cellular pH, if you have a carboxyl group, then you’ll lose your…
proton and then you will have a unit of negative charge. Now you can stick to something positive.
What is the most important biomolecule?
Protein
What is the building block of a polymer called?
Monomer
The molecular chain is called a _______.
Polymer
Adding one monomer to another monomer, one at a time, is the way that we build all basic polymers. This is called a _______ reaction because we…
dehydration reaction because we removed water.
Dehydration reactions require/releases energy?
Require energy, just like it requires energy to build a house of cards
To build a polymer of four monomers, you need…
three dehydration reactions
We can disassemble polymers…we call this _______.
digestion
Now…adding a water molecule we are breaking with water…what is this called?
hydrolysis
A hydrolysis reaction requires/releases energy?
Releases energy. Just as energy is released, the house of cards tumbles down
Building ______ energy, breaking ______ energy.
requires, releases
Which reaction consumes water? USES water?
Hydrolysis
Which reaction produces water?
Dehydration
Where else does hydrolysis happen?
Digestion, outside the cells
Carbohydrates are effectively _______.
sugars
The sugar is the _______.
monomer
If you put two monosaccharides together, you get what?
A disaccharide
If you put anywhere from 3-50 monosaccharides together…you get an ___________.
oligosaccharide
More than 50 monosaccharides you are a ___________.
polysaccharide
What’s the name of the covalent bond holding all the monosaccharides together?
glycosidic linkages
The ___________ gives you energy. Sugar!
monosaccharide
If you already have energy, you could instead use the monomer for construction, to build a _______.
polymer
If you got energy, you don’t have to make ATP immediately, you can _____ ______.
store energy
How do you store energy?
By building a polymer
The _______ is the form for storing sugar.
polymer
Cellulose is a structural __________.
polysaccharide
A true monosaccharide is some multiple of _____.
CH2O
Is sucrose a monosaccharide?
No. C12H22O11 is not a multiple of CH2O
When different chemicals share the same molecular formula, meaning they have the same number of atoms, the name is an ______.
isomer
_____ are chemicals with the same atoms arranged differently.
Isomers
Which of carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids are macromolecules?
Everything but lipids
Which of carbs, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids form polymers?
Everything but lipids
Which atoms in monosaccharides are found in CHON?
CHO
Name two functional groups found in monosaccharides…
carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups
In an aqueous environment, monosaccharides form ____.
rings
Because (these) carbon atoms are joined by ______ _____ _____, you can rotate them.
single covalent bonds
When carbon forms single covalent bonds…it undergoes…
SP3 HYBRIDIZATION
What’s the difference between alpha and beta glucose?
Alpha glucose is where the hydroxyl group is trapped below the ring, by looking at the position of carbon number one.
Beta glucose is where the hydroxyl group is trapped above the ring, by looking at the position of carbon number one.
Alpha glucose (Armadillos on the ground), Beta glucose (Birds in the sky)
How come when two glucoses (C6H12O6) form maltose the molecular formula isn’t C12H22O12?
Dehydration removes a water. There are two products of this reaction, maltose (C12H22O11) and water (H20)
Sucrose =
glucose + fructose
Maltose =
glucose + glucose
Lactose =
glucose + galactose
What are the three disaccharides found in your diet?
Sucrose, maltose and lactose
What are the three monosaccharides found in your diet?
Glucose, galactose, fructose
Sucrose, maltose and lactose are all _______.
isomers. They all have the molecular formula C12H22O11.
What are the two functions of polysaccharides?
1) Storage
2) Structure
______ and _______ STORE sugar.
________, _____ and _________ FORM STRUCTURE.
Starch and glycogen store sugar
Cellulose, chitin, peptidoglycan form structure
Polysaccharide starch has a ______ polymer.
glucose
What do plants do with their excess glucose?
They’ve got enough glucose, so they have to store it somewhere…what do they do? They put it into chains. THEY BUILD STARCH.
Where is starch stored in plants?
In the chloroplast
What is the structure of the starch polysaccharide?
A helix
Why does starch branch?
If you have a branching structure…there’s more ends to the enzyme can find the end more often to build/break.
Can humans break down starch?
Yes
What is the enzyme that breaks down starch?
Amylase
Enzymes typically end in the three letters -___.
-ase
Is there a difference between the structure of glycogen and starch?
No, ITS THE SAME THING.
Why are the structures of starch and glycogen the same?
Because they are both made from alpha glucose
Who uses glycogen to store sugar?
Animals
In mammals, glycogen is primarily stored in the _____ and the _______.
liver and the muscle
Cellulose is found in _____.
plants
What is the barrier that surrounds every single cell?
Cell membrane
Cellulose is a major component of the cell _____.
wall
What is wood and cotton made out of?
Cellulose
What is the most abundant organic compound?
Cellulose
Is cellulose alpha or beta glucose?
BETA GLUCOSE
Does cellulose branch?
NO.
The plant uses _____ glucose for making starch and storage.
The plant uses _____ glucose for my body (structure).
alpha
beta
Amylase is the enzyme that ______ starch.
hydrolyses
Does amylase hydrolyze cellulose?
No
Amylase digests ______, starch is made from _____ glucose…amylase cannot digest ______….cellulose is made from ____ glucose.
starch, alpha, cellulose, beta
Is chitin made of glucose?
NO. It’s a DERIVATIVE of glucose. It’s made from N-acetylglucosamine, “NAG”
Of _____…the structural material is found in the exoskeleton of arthropods.
chitin
The cell wall of fungi is made of _____.
chitin
The structural polysaccharide peptidoglycan is going to make up a ____ ____.
cell wall
Peptidoglycan makes up the cell wall of who?
Bacteria
What are the three organisms that have a cell wall?
Plants, fungi, bacteria
Do lipids form polymers?
NO
Lipids are a _____ chemical group
diverse
What’s the only one quality all lipids share?
They’re hydrophobic
We can build larger lipids through ________.
dehydration
Lipids store ______.
energy
Lipids also serve _______ roles.
structural
_____ _____ is the simplest of all lipids.
Fatty acid
What’s the structure of lipids?
LONG chain of hydrocarbon
Why is the long chain of hydrocarbon zig-zagging?
SP3 HYBRIDIZATION. SINGLE COVALENT BONDS.
What is attached at the two ends of the fatty acid?
A carboxyl group and a methyl group
What do we call fatty acids with no double bonds?
Saturated
What do we call fatty acids with double bonds?
Unsaturated
