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BSC 2010 - Biology I > Exam #4 - Cell Division > Flashcards

Exam #4 - Cell Division Flashcards

1
Q

Where do cells come from?

A

Cell division

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2
Q

Do all cells divide?

What are examples of cells that do NOT divide?

A

Blood cells
Brain cells
Muscle cells

Not all cells divide, but those produced by cell division divide.

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3
Q

What are three reasons why cells divide?

A

1) Growth/development
2) Repair/regeneration
3) Reproduction

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4
Q

Bacteria only have ___ chromosome and it’s _______.

A

one.

circular - meaning it has to ends

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5
Q

Bacteria have one circular chromosome and it’s copied by ____ _________.

A

DNA replication

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6
Q

Bacterial cells divide by _______ _______.

A

binary fission

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7
Q

How many chromosomes do we have?

A

46

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8
Q

How are eukaryotic cells more complicated?

A

1) Membrane bound organelles

2) multiple chromosomes

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9
Q

The ________ and ________ make their own DNA.

A

mitochondria and chloroplast

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10
Q

What about the E.R and Golgi? What will happen to them during cell division?

A

They will disassemble and disintegrate into many smaller component parts. The cell divides, and then those parts reassemble and make new E.R and Golgi

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11
Q

What are the two types of cell division in eukaryotes?

A

Mitosis and meiosis

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12
Q

Mitosis…

________ daughter cells.

A

identical

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13
Q

Meiosis…

The daughter cells have _____ the number of chromosomes as the parental cell.

A

HALF

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14
Q

The number of cells in the parental cell will always be a _____ number.

A

even

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15
Q

If you have 10 chromosomes, then meiosis gives you daughter cells, each of which have _ chromosomes.

A

5

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16
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis? (3)

A

Growth/repair/regeneration

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17
Q

What is the purpose of meiosis?

A

Reproduction

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18
Q

Mitosis occurs in body cells, also called _______ cells.

A

somatic

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19
Q

Mitosis is a tightly regulated series of events, unique to eukaryotes. Therefore, this process is controlled by many _______.

A

enzymes

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20
Q

______ is the result when cell division goes out of control.

A

cancer

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21
Q

Cell division during the __ phase.

A

M phase

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22
Q

The portion of the cycle in-between cell division is called _________.

A

interphase

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23
Q

Interphase accounts for __% of the cell cycle.

A

90%

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24
Q

What are the 3 sub phases of interphase?

A

S phase, G1 and G2

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25
Q

What occurs during S phase?

A

1) chromosome duplication

2) DNA synthesis

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26
Q

What occurs during G1 and G2?

A

1) growth

2) prep for next stage

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27
Q

Gap 1 Is a gap between ____ ______ and ___ ________.

A

cell division and DNA replication

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28
Q

Gap 2 is between ____ _________ and ____ _________.

A

DNA replication and cell division

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29
Q

What does the S stand for in the S phase?

A

Synthesis, DNA Synthesis

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30
Q

G phase means…

A

Gap phase

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31
Q

In G1, we make the commitment to _______.

A

divide

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32
Q

Also in G1, we make the raw _______.

A

materials

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33
Q

In G1, we make the _________ and ________ for DNA synthesis.

A

nucleotides and enzymes

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34
Q

In G2, we make the raw materials for ____ ________.

A

cell division

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35
Q

The nuclear DNA is carefully INSPECTED in both GAP phases? Why?

A

The DNA is the code to run the cell…if there’s a problem with the code…then continuing this process could be detrimental.

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36
Q

What are the two parts of the M phase?

A

1) Mitosis - division of the nucleus

2) Cytokinesis - division of the cytoplasm

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37
Q

In adult organisms, only _____ cells divide.

A

some

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38
Q

A cell can EXIT THE CYCLE and exist in a non dividing state, which is called ___.

A

G0 (G zero)

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39
Q

Where ought the cell leave the cycle if it decides to stop dividing?

A

At the end of G1, after you have grown to a functional size, you stop progressing and leave. You certainly wouldn’t go onto S.

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40
Q

How frequently cells ‘cycle’ depends on the cell ______.

A

type

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41
Q

What are three frequencies of mitosis? Provide examples

A

1) Continuous - skin, GI tract, blood cells
2) Based on need - liver cells
3) Rare/never - neurons (locked in G0)

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42
Q

Most cells are in ____.

A

G0

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43
Q

Eukaryotic chromosomes can become ____/____ compact.

A

more/less

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44
Q

Nuclear DNA is wrapped around _______.

This complexed material is known as ________.

A

protein

chromatin - both DNA and protein together

45
Q

Why do we wrap DNA and protein together?

A

We need to condense it so it can fit in the nuclease of the cell

46
Q

One human cell contains _ feet of DNA

47
Q

DNA + associated proteins =

48
Q

Over the course of the cell cycle, the DNA becomes ______.

49
Q

During M phase, the chromatin packs so tightly that the individual chromosomes become ______ _______.

A

clearly visible

50
Q

A eukaryotic chromosome: ___ DNA molecule plus the associated proteins.

51
Q

Eukaryotes have ______ DNA molecules

52
Q

In cell division, the spindle grabs hold of a ________ chromosome, and pulls apart the _________.

A

replicated

chromatids

53
Q

When you pull apart the chromatids, how many chromosomes do you have?

54
Q

A replicated chromosome contains two ______ chromatids.

55
Q

Each sister chromatid contains:
___ DNA
The DNA’s are ________.
They are joined at the _________.

A

one
identical
centromere

56
Q

The spindle attaches to the _________.

A

centromere

57
Q

One chromosome = ___ DNA

58
Q

90% of the cell cycle is in _________.

A

interphase

59
Q

If 90% of the cell cycle is interphase, what does a nucleus usually contain?

60
Q

A _______ is the total genetic information possessed by an organism.

61
Q

To find that total genetic information, where do you have to look?

A

Look in any cell

62
Q

How many different genes are there?

A

Around 20,000

63
Q

How does a cell distribute the sister chromatids to the daughter cells?

A

It uses the cytoskeleton

64
Q

What are the ‘steps’ of mitosis?

A 
Prophase 
Prometaphase
Metaphase 
Anaphase
Telophase
65
Q

Prophase:

  • chromosomes _______.
  • __________ begin moving to opposite ends
  • ________ beings to form
A

condense
centrosomes
spindle

66
Q

What has to happen if the microtubules are going to grab hold of the chromosomes?

A

The nucleus has to go away

Specifically, the nuclear envelope disintegrates

67
Q

This allows microtubules to grab hold of of the chromosomes by the __________.

A

centromeres

68
Q

Prometaphase:

  • nuclear envelope _________.
  • microtubules grab chromosomes by their __________.
A

disintegrates

centromeres

69
Q

Metaphase:

-chromosomes in the ______

70
Q

Anaphase:

  • chromosomes are pulled _______.
  • the cell _________.
A

apart

elongates

71
Q

Telophase:

  • ____ nuclear envelopes _______.
  • chromosomes _________.
A

two, reform

DECONDENSE so the chromosomes can become chromatin again

72
Q

What is it that pinches the cell in two?

A

Microfilaments

73
Q

After telophase, we get cytokinesis, which is…?

A

the division of the cytoplasm

74
Q

There are two types of reproduction between eukaryotes, what are they?

A

1) sexual reproduction - two parents

2) asexual reproduction - only one parent gives rise to offspring

75
Q

In _______ reproduction, it’s mitosis.

76
Q

Sexual reproduction involves _______.

77
Q

Meiosis occurs in the _______.

78
Q

Meiosis produces _______ ( _____ cells).

A

gametes, germ cells

79
Q

Meiosis ______ the number of chromosomes.

80
Q

________ restores the original number.

A

fertilization

81
Q

What advantage can this complexity have?

A

Genetic variation

82
Q

What’s a karyotype?

A

Seeing all the chromosomes laid out

83
Q

What are homologous chromosomes?

A

Chromosome pairs that carry the SAME genes

84
Q

Where do homologous chromosomes come from?

A

One from mom, the other from dad

85
Q

ONE of each pair is inherited from each parent.

SO…each parent gives us ___ copy of a gene.

86
Q

Each parent gives you one copy of the gene, so you have ___ of each gene.

87
Q

It’s the _________ chromosomes that are separated by meiosis.

A

homologous

88
Q

The genes on homologous chromosomes are often NOT _________.

89
Q

Any GENE can have multiple VARIATIONS…and we call those variations ________.

90
Q

What does this mean in chemical terms? What’s so different about the different alleles if they’re the same gene?

A

They have slight differences in their nucleotide sequence

91
Q

DO NOT confuse homologous chromosomes with sister chromatids !!!!!!
Which term refers to identical DNA’s?
Which ones are present throughout the mitotic cell cycle?

A

Sister chromatids - IDENTICAL

Homologous chromosomes

92
Q

Where do the homologous chromosomes come from?

A

Mom and dad! Present throughout the cell cycle

93
Q

How many sex chromosomes do we have?

94
Q

That means we have 44 ________.

A

autosomes - all the non-sex chromosomes

95
Q

Males have an _ and an _ chromosome.

A

X and an X

XX

96
Q

Females have an _ and a _ chromosome.

A

X and a Y,

XY

97
Q

X and Y are not _________, which means they must have different ______.

A

homologous, genes

98
Q

Somatic cells have ___ sets of chromosomes.

  • i.e: the homologous pairs!
  • one maternal, one paternal
  • Somatic cells are _n, or _______.
A

2n, diploid

99
Q

Gamets have ___ set.

-they are _, or ________.

A

one

haploid

100
Q

Meiosis separates ….?

A

homologous chromosomes!!

101
Q

In humans: n= one set from one parent
n = __ chromosomes
2n = __ chromosomes

A 
n = 23 (22 autosomes + 1 sex chromosome)
2n = 46 (44 autosomes + 2 sex chromosomes
102
Q

A zygote has __ chromosomes.

103
Q

Meiosis has ___ consecutive rounds of cell division (I and II)
Meiosis reduces chromosome # by _____.

104
Q

Steps of meiosis…

Every single cell division is preceded by ___ ________.
Meiosis I occurs, which separates…?
Meiosis II occurs, which separates…?

A

DNA replication
the homologous chromosomes
the sister chromatids

105
Q

Meiosis _ Is what makes meiosis unique. It’s nothing like mitosis.

106
Q

Meiosis _ IS mitosis.

A

Meiosis II IS mitosis.

You’re separating separating sister chromatids

107
Q

Which one takes you from diploid to haploid?

A

Meiosis I !!!!!!!!!! Diploid to haploid, BOOM

108
Q

Homologous chromosomes are physically BROKEN and REJOINED in _________ _. What is this called?

A

Prophase I, crossing over

BSC 2010 - Biology I (9 decks)

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