Exam 4: Pancreas Flashcards
What effect does insulin have on blood glucose? What are its actions? How does it change peripheral utilization and hepatic production?
What effect glucagon have on blood glucose? What are its actions? How does it change peripheral utilization and hepatic production?
What effect do glucocorticoids have on blood glucose? What are its actions? How does it change peripheral utilization and hepatic production?
What effect do catecholamines have on blood glucose? What are its actions? How does it change peripheral utilization and hepatic production?
What are the causes of hypoglycemia?
increased insulin (B cell tumors, insulin overdose sepsis, hepatic failure, neonates, xylitol toxicity)
ketosis/pregnancy toxemia, starvation/malabsorption (rare)
What are the causes of hyperglycemia?
post-prandial, diabetes mellitus
glucocorticoids (“stress” response), catecholamines (“excitement” response)
What causes glucosuria?
blood glucose > renal threshold
renal threshold = how much glucose is absorbed in the PT of kidney
What is the significance of fructosamine?
represents [BG] over preceding 2 - 3 weeks
gives better indication of long-term glucose control
What are the renal thresholds for dogs, cats, horses, and cows?
Dog = 180 - 220
Cats = 290
Horses = 180
Cows = 100
What lab abnormalities are associated with hyperadrenocorticism?
Increased ALP, cholesterol, glucose
What causes diabetes mellitus?
What clinical signs are associated with diabetes mellitus?
What lab results are associated with diabetes mellitus?
Compare type I and type II diabetes mellitus
What are the components of equine metabolic syndrome?
What laboratory findings are associated with equine metabolic syndrome?
What are the components of proximal duodenal obstruction?
What laboratory findings are associated with proximal duodenal obstruction?
What are examples of endocrine tumors? What clinical signs are associated and what diagnostics can be used?
Compare and contrast malabsorption and EPI
How is a fecal fat assessment used for diagnostics?
How is trypsin like immunoreactivity used for diagnostics?
What are the cut off values for EPI versus intestinal disease with the TLI test?
What is the significance of B12 with EPI?
Where are vitamin B12 and folate absorbed? How do these values change with defects?
What is the significance of intestinal, bacteria, folate, and B12?
How can amylase and lipase be used in determining pancreatic injury?
Describe how peritoneal levels of different enzymes can be used to diagnose pancreatitis?
In addition to pancreatic enzymes what other lab abnormalities can be seen with pancreatitis?
What is the significance of a pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity test?
