Exam 4 - MOD 11 Flashcards
When does turbulence occurs?
When the aircraft encounters “rough air” resulting in unusual aircraft movement.
What is clear air turbulence?
Caused when bodies of air moving in different directions collide.
What type of turbulence is impossible to detect, can’t be predicted and hits without warning?
Clear air turbulence.
Where does wake turbulence form?
Forms behind an aircraft.
What is frontal weather?
When 2 air masses meet along a front. Cooler dense air pushes warm air upwards resulting in cloud formation, precipitation and expected turbulence.
What are the 3 types of turbulence?
Light
Moderate
Severe
What forms of communication are used for turbulence?
Pre flight briefing
PA call
Seat belt sign
Announcement
What is the prioritization of duties during turbulence?
Discontinue service Stow carts Store hot liquids Secure galley equipment Close and latch all galley apartments Verify passenger seatbelt compliance Secure themselves to jumpseat
What are the 2 types of incapacitation of crew members?
Obvious - can be seen (heart failure, eye injury, etc.)
Subtle - not obvious (mental lapse, brain tumor, etc.)
What are the 4 steps for the incapacitated crew member procedure?
- Inform the captain
- Administer fist aid as required
- Secure incapacitated FA in passenger seat
- The remaining FAs will assume incapacitated FAs duties
*If an emergency is declared an ABP is placed in the jumpseat and briefed on emergency exit operation and procedures
What are the 6 steps for the incapacitated Flight Crew procedure?
- HANDS - Hands off controls
- SEAT - Push the seat back towards the aft
- FEET - Remove feet from the controls
- SIT - Sit them upright (if slumped over)
- STRAP - Secure their harness and strap their arms into it
- AIR - Administer first aid oxygen
In what situations may first aid oxygen have to be administered?
Decompression and medical emergency
What altitude is the cabin pressurized to?
8000 feet above sea level
What are the major causes of hypoxia in a medical emergency?
Respiratory Insufficiency (airway obstruction, respiratory arrest, etc.) Circulatory Insufficiency (heart attack, cardiac arrest, etc.) Hemoglobin Insufficiency (major blood loss)
What is hypoxia?
A decrease in supply of oxygen to the body tissues.
What is the procedure for First Aid Oxygen. (12 steps)
- Contact MedLink
- Notify the Captain that oxygen is required to be used
- Remove cylinder from stowage.
- Don cylinder.
- Ensure fitting of mask is attached to the flow outlet(s) specified by MedLink or decompression procedures.
- Turn dial slowly counter-clockwise to turn on flow of oxyen
- Test flow of oxygen by bringing the mask to your close to your face. Ensure it is odorless. Green portion of bag will be inflated.
- Secure mask over person’s face, using elastic strap.
- Secure oxygen cylinder using restraint sleeve.
- Monitor person’s condition and remaining oxygen levels every 15 minutes. The the condiition deteriorates contact MedLink.
- Discontinue use of oxygen at 500 PSI to maintain flight attendant reserve.
- Notify the captain if use of subsequent oxygen cylinder is required.
What type of decompression is a pressure leak?
Gradual
What do you do in the case of a slow decompression?
Notify the captain
Relocate passengers if required
What are the signs of a pressure leak?
Loud squealing or hissing around door
Subtle and slow signs of physiological effects
What are the 7 steps to after use of first aid oxygen?
- Remove mask from passenger
- Turn off oxygen by turning dial clockwise.
- Detach mask from fitting, place in a motion sickness bag and dispose of in garbage receptacle.
- Connect a new mask to HI flow outlet.
- Notify the captain that oxygen use has been discontinued and the remaining PSI level in the cylinder.
- Re-stow the oxygen cylinder
- Enter all used equipment into the Aircraft Cabin Log Book.
What is depressurization and what is it caused by?
A loss of cabin pressure caused by structural failure or aircraft system failure.
What is a gradual decompression?
Slow loss of pressure (leak) which may not be apparent until warning systems activate, resulting in subtle and slow onset of signs and physiological effects.
What is a rapid decompression?
An obvious loss of pressure generally caused by loss of aircraft systems resulting in noticeable signs and physiological effects.
What is an explosive decompression?
A visible and instantaneous loss of cabin pressure caused by structural damage resulting in instant signs and physiological effects.
What are the observable signs of a decompression?
Oxygen Masks drop Air becomes thin and cold Temperature changes rapidly Mist forms in the cabin Seat belt signs illuminate Loud noise and rush of air Unsecured objects or persons tossed around cabin Liquids in hot beverage containers and water doesn't boil
What are the physiological effects of decompression?
Hypoxia
Discomfort or pain in ears, sinuses, abdomen and joints due to pressure of gasses trapped in body
What are the physiological effects of hypoxia?
Difficulty in communication and co-ordination
Feeling daze, confusion or euphoria
What are the cabin crew procedures upon deployment of oxygen masks?
- Sweep nearest mask to face
- Occupy nearest seat and fasten seatbelt.
- Secure carts by applying brakes. Instruct ABPS to assist.
- Remain secured until given clearance by flight crew.
What is the Time of Useful Consciousness? (TUC)
The time available for an individual to preserve life by coordinated actions when deprived of oxygen at high altitudes.
What affects TUC?
Activity
What is the TUC at 15,000 ft
Indefinate
What is the TUC at 25,000 ft?
3-6 minutes
What is the TUC at 35,000 ft?
30 sec to 1 min
What is the TUC at 43,000 ft?
9 to 10 seconds
Who conditions make people more susceptible to loss of consciousness?
Unfit
Smoker
Respiratory Illness
How long must crew members refrain from “no decompression” diving before commencement of duty?
24 hours
How long must crew members refrain from diving requiring decompression stops before commencement of duty?
48 hours
How long must crew members refrain from “skin” scuba diving before commencement of duty?
There is no restriction
How long before commencement of duty are crew members prohibited from donating blood?
48 hours
What are potential sources of smoke in the cabin?
Damaged Wiring
Malfunctioning Electrical Equipment
Fire
What are potential sources of fumes in the cabin?
Fuel
De-Icing/Anti-Icing Fluid
Hydraulic Fluid
Cabin Furnishings
What aircraft fumes can be a source of carbon monoxide?
Aircraft exhaust
GPUs and service vehicles
What 3 elements make up the “fire triangle” from top to bottom?
Oxygen
Fuel
Heat
What is the objective of firefighting?
To eliminate one of the 3 elements in the fire triangle (oxygen, heat, fuel).
What is the acronym used when communicating to the flight deck during a fire/smoke situation?
LISSA
What does the L in LISSA stand for?
Location (specific in the cabin)
What does the I in LISSA stand for?
Intensity (how big is the fire?)
What does the first S in LISSSA stand for?
Source (Class of fire)
What does the last (third) S in LISSSA stand for?
Smell (what does it smell like)
What does the second S in LISSSA stand for?
Severity (extent of smoke or how many rows can you see)
What does the A in LISSA stand for?
Actions being taken (to combat fire)
What is fire classification A?
Combustible (A for Ash)
What is fire classification B?
Flammable Liquids (B for Booze)
What is fire classification C?
Electrical (C for Circuit)
What is fire classification D?
Metal (D for Dead, aka Halons dont work)
What classification of fire cannot be fought with a Halon 1211?
Class D
What is the Captain authorized to do in case of an emergency?
Take any actions he deems necessary to ensure the safety of crew and passengers even if it deviates from procedures.
What part of your hand do you use to check for fire?
Back
When fighting a fire the cabin crew must follow what procedures? (6 steps)
Locate source of fire - do not use the fire extinguisher on smoke alone
Ensure electrical power has been removed if applicable
Obtain backup assistance and equipment
Aim and discharge extinguisher at base of fire using PASS
Assign ABP to monitor for reignition
Keep flight door closed so smoke doesn’t enter
What must you never turn your back on?
A fire (even if it has bene put out as it could re-ignite)
What does the acronym PASS mean?
P Pull pin
A Aim at base
S Squeeze handles
S Sweep extinguisher side to side
What are the 4 principles of firefighting?
- Fight fire
- Communicate
- Never turn back on fire
- Never leave fire unattended
What senses do you use to search for fires?
Touch and smell
What do you do when you can’t find the source of the smoke?
Pull circuit breakers in area if applicable
Touch wall panel with back of hand from the bottom up
Use captains persmission to use fire axe
When location is determined fight the fire and advise the captain of the location immediately
What are the 3 Firefighting Roles?
Firefighter (primary)
Assistant Fire FIghter (backup)
Communicator (in contact with flight deck)
Who is the firefighter?
The FA that discovers the fire AKA first on the scene
What verbage do you use to call for backup in a firefighting situation?
“Backup to (location)”
“Backup to (location)”
What are the 3 duties of the assistant firefighter?
- Relay fire info to next available cabin crew
- Obtain necessary firefighting equipment
- Prepare to exchange roles with the Primary Firefighter as required
What are the duties of the communicator during a firefight?
Relays info to flight deck using LISSA
If possible make an announcement to passengers
Notify the flight crew if fire has been extinguished or if it continues follow their instructions
What command is used prior to removing the PBE.
“You, monitor this fire for re-ignition”
What is the 4th FA doing in a Firefighting situation?
Passenger Management
What is considered passenger management during a firefighting situation?
Move passengers away from the immediate area
If possible, distribute wet towels to passengers and instruct them to protect themselves from smoke inhalation
Should a passenger need to be treated for smoke inhalation move them away from the fire and administer first aid oxygen after fire is extinguished
Calm and reassure passengers
What are the 7 steps in the post-fire fighting procedure?
- Assign an ABP to monitor for reignition
- Contact captain, provide update and follow their instructions
- Make announcement to passenger and advise of situation
- Reassure passengers and administer first Aid
- Restow firefighting equipment - store PBEs in a location that will allow them to safely cool (ex. Lav sink)
- Inform crew members of equipment used and what is no longer operable
- Submit an IHR within 24 hours
What should you do if there is a class D fire?
The electronic device needs to be submerged in water. The Halons will not prevent a class D fire.
What do you do before fighting a fire in the Flight deck and or lavatory?
Don PBE
If in flight deck, flight crew to don oxygen masks
Signs and symptoms of hypoxia include?
Rapid and shallow breathing
Mental confusion
Air sickness
Euphoria
What are potential causes of decompression?
Seal leaks
Structural failure
Can be gradual or sudden and explosive
What is the procedure if there are fumes in the cabin?
- Tell captain
- Follow firefighting procedure
- Do what flight deck says
What is the procedure for a lavatory fire?
- Investigate alarm immediately
- Keep door closed
- Get equipment
- Put on PBE
- Assess fire with tactile search of door from bottom up
- Open door slowly
- Locate source of fire
- Extinguish using Halon fire extinguisher
- Line base of door with wet blankets to prevent smoke from exiting
What is a flash fire?
A flash fire is a sudden, intense fire caused by ignition of a mixture of air
and a dispersed flammable substance such as a solid (including dust),
flammable or combustible liquid (such as an aerosol or fine mist) or a
flammable gas. It is characterized by high temperature, short duration,
and a rapidly moving flame front
What is flash point?
The lowest temperature at which a combustible gives off vapours that
will ignite when a source of ignition or fire is applied to the vapours. A
flashover occurs when the flash point is reached.
What is flash over?
Flashover occurs when combustible gases become heated to the
temperature where flames flash over the entire area. This is the reason
that speed is imperative in an evacuation when fire is present.
What is crash fire crews (CFC)?
At many airports, there are fire rescue units that come to the aid when
an accident/incident has occurred. Where the accident occurs will
determine the amount of assistance received from Ground Personnel.
Crash Fire Rescue (CFR) can assist in creating a safe and effective
evacuation route.
What are signs and symptoms of hypoxia?
Rapid and shallow breathing
Mental confusion
Air sickness
Euphoria
What are potential causes of decompression?
- Tell captain
- Follow firefighting
- Do what flight deck says
What is the lavatory fire procedure?
- Investigate the alarm sound
- Keep door closed
- Get equipment
- Don PBE
- Asses fire with a tactile search of the door using back of hand bottom up
- Open door slowly
- Locate source of fire
- Extinguish with fire extinguisher
- Line base of door with wet blanket to prevent smoke from exiting
