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815 > Exam 4 Misc. Stuff > Flashcards

Exam 4 Misc. Stuff Flashcards

1
Q

Vitamin A Uses

A

Need for growth and reproduction, recommended for eye health

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2
Q

AREDS/AREDS 2 Uses

A
  • Contains vitamins A, C, and E, zinc, and copper

- Reduced risk of macular degeneration, age-related eye disease (AREDS 2 - Lutein and zeaxanthin replaced betacarotene)

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3
Q

Vitamin D Uses

A
  • Important for bone mineralization
  • D2 – Ergocalciferol, plant based
  • D3 – Cholecalciferol, UV and animal tissue based like fatty fish
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4
Q

Vitamin E Uses

A

Antioxidant from unsaturated fats and leafy greens

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5
Q

Vitamin K Uses

A

Important for homeostasis and bone metabolism

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6
Q

Vitamin B1 Uses

A
  • Thiamine

- Essential for energy generation and nerve conduction

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7
Q

Vitamin B3 Uses

A
  • Niacin

- Needed for oxidation/reduction reactions and DNA repair

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8
Q

Vitamin B6 Uses

A
  • Pyridoxine

- Needed for protein metabolism

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9
Q

Vitamin B7 Uses

A
  • Biotin

- Needed for carb, fat, and amino acid metabolism

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10
Q

Vitamin B9 Uses

A
  • Folic acid

- Involved in DNA synthesis and RBC maturation

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11
Q

Vitamin B12 Uses

A
  • Cobalamin

- Involved in fat, protein, and carb metabolism

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12
Q

Vitamin C Uses

A
  • Needed for biosynthesis of collagen and some neurotransmitters
  • Promoted for immune system support
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13
Q

Calcium Uses

A

Important for bone health and muscle function

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14
Q

Iron Uses

A

Important for hemoglobin and oxygenation of tissues

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15
Q

Magnesium Uses

A

Important for muscle function, bone structure, and enzyme function

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16
Q

Vitamin A Food Sources

A
  • Dark green/red/orange/yellow vegetables and fruits
  • Liver
  • Milk
  • Egg yolk (retinol)
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17
Q

Vitamin D Food Sources

A
  • Fortified foods and fatty fish

- Minimal sunbathing for D3

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18
Q

Vitamin E Food Sources

A
  • Unsaturated fats

- Leafy greens

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19
Q

Vitamin K Food Sources

A
  • Leafy greens

- Fermented foods

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20
Q

Vitamin B1 Food Sources

A
  • Fortified whole grains
  • Legumes
  • Seeds
  • Nuts
  • Meat (especially pork and fish)
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21
Q

Vitamin B3 Food Sources

A
  • Milk
  • Eggs
  • Fortified grains
  • Rice
  • Legumes
  • Peanuts
  • Fish
  • Lean Meats
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22
Q

Vitamin B6 Food Sources

A
  • Poultry
  • Fish
  • Organ meats
  • Potato
  • Starchy vegetables
  • Non-citrus fruits
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23
Q

Vitamin B7 Food Sources

A
  • Organ Meats
  • Eggs
  • Fish
  • Meat
  • Seeds
  • Nuts
  • Certain veggies (sweet potato)
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24
Q

Vitamin B9 Food Sources

A
  • Liver
  • Yeast
  • Nuts
  • Greens
  • Spinach
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25
Q

Vitamin B12 Food Sources

A
  • Animal products
  • Meat
  • Fish
  • Dairy
  • Eggs
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26
Q

Vitamin C Food Sources

A
  • Citrus
  • Green vegetables
  • Tomatoes
  • Potatoes
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27
Q

Vitamin A Adverse Effects

A
  • Short-term: headache, diplopia, N/V, vertigo, skin discoloration
  • Long-term: Decreased BMD, liver toxicity, teratogenic
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28
Q

Vitamin D Adverse Effects/Deficiency Causers

A

Adverse Effects

  • Headache
  • Metallic taste
  • Hypercalcemia (kidney stones, N/V, calcification, anorexia, renal failure)

-Anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, azole antifungals, HAART may cause deficiencies

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29
Q

Vitamin E Adverse Effects

A
  • Bleeding
  • Prostate cancer
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Hemorrhagic stroke
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30
Q

Vitamins with No Known Adverse Effects

A
  • Vitamin B1
  • Vitamin K
  • Vitamin B7
  • Vitamin B9
  • Vitamin B12
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31
Q

Vitamin K Food Requirement

A

-Take in consistent amount of leafy greens

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32
Q

Vitamin B1 Deficiency Causers

A
  • Diuretics

- Fluorouracil

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33
Q

Vitamin B3 Adverse Effects

A
  • Flushing
  • Hyperglycemia
  • Liver damage
  • Peptic ulcers
  • Rhabdomyolysis
  • Gout
  • Arrhythmias
  • Hypotension
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34
Q

Vitamin B6 Adverse Effects/Deficiency Causers

A

Adverse Effects

  • Peripheral neuropathy
  • Painful skin patches
  • Sensitivity to sunlight
  • Nausea
  • Heartburn

-Isoniazid, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids may cause deficiencies

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35
Q

Vitamin B7 Affects…

A

-TSH and troponin lab results

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36
Q

Vitamin B9 Deficiency Causers

A
  • Methotrexate
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Sulfasalazine
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37
Q

Vitamin B12 Deficiency Causer

A

Metformin

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38
Q

Vitamin C Adverse Effects

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Diarrhea
  • Nausea
  • Kidney stones
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39
Q

Calcium Adverse Effects

A
  • Abdominal pain
  • Gas
  • N/V
  • Constipation
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40
Q

Iron Adverse Effects

A
  • Epigastric discomfort
  • N/V
  • Constipation
  • Iron poisoning (GI problems that lead to electrolyte imbalances and then shock/CV collapse)
41
Q

Magnesium Adverse Effect

A

Diarrhea

42
Q

Percentage of Elemental Calcium

A
  • Calcium Carbonate (40% elemental calcium)
  • Calcium Citrate (21% elemental calcium)
  • Calcium Lactate (13% elemental calcium)
  • Calcium Gluconate (9% elemental calcium)
43
Q

Random Calcium Absorption Facts

A
  • Best absorbed in doses of 500 mg or less with meals

- Calcium citrate is equally absorbed regardless of meals

44
Q

Percentage of Elemental Iron

A
  • Ferrous fumarate (33% elemental iron)
  • Ferrous gluconate (12% elemental iron)
  • Ferrous sulfate (20% elemental iron)

Absorbs best in an acidic environment

45
Q

Percentage of Elemental Magnesium

A
  • Magnesium carbonate (expressed as elemental: 54mg)
  • Magnesium chloride (1 gram = 120mg elemental)
  • Magnesium gluconate (1 gram = 54mg elemental)
  • Magnesium L-lactate (1 gram = 120mg elemental)
  • Magnesium oxide (400mg = 240mg elemental)

Magnesium chloride is the best absorbed form

46
Q

Duplication Examples

A
  • Ginseng + Ginkgo – antiplatelet
  • Ginseng + Coffee (caffeine) – stimulants
  • Ca channel blocker + Garlic
47
Q

Opposition Examples

A
  • Ginseng vs. Lavender
  • Dopamine vs. Ca channel blocker
  • Ca channel blocker + Ephedra
48
Q

Alteration Examples

A
  • Ginseng and Alcohol – increase clearance of alcohol
  • Carbamazepine and oral contraceptives (OC)
  • Carbamazepine + St. John’s wort

Affects ADME

49
Q

Approved Online Resources for Herbals

A
  • Natural Medicines
  • National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
  • PubMed
  • PubMed Dietary Supplement Subset
  • TOXNET
  • USP Verified Dietary Supplements
50
Q

Echinacea Use

A

Common Cold

51
Q

Cranberry Use

A

UTI

52
Q

Garlic Uses

A
  • Hypertension

- Artheroschlerosis

53
Q

Ginseng Use

A

Cognitive Function

54
Q

Gingko Biloba Use

A

Cognitive Function

55
Q

Green Tea Pills Uses

A
  • Energy boost
  • Cognitive function
  • Cancer prevention
56
Q

EGCG Uses

A
  • Energy Boost
  • Cognitive Function
  • Cancer prevention
57
Q

Milk Thistle Use

A

Hepatic Disease

58
Q

Saw Palmetto Use

A

BPH

59
Q

Valerian Use

A

Insomnia

60
Q

Red Yeast Rice Use

A

High Cholesterol

61
Q

Butterbur Use

A

Migraines

62
Q

Feverfew Use

A

Headaches

63
Q

Fish Oil Uses

A
  • Heart Disease

- Hypertriglyceridemia

64
Q

Kava Use

A

Anxiety

65
Q

Melatonin Use

A

Mild insomnia

66
Q

St. John’s Wort Use

A

Depression

67
Q

Ginger Use

A

N/V

68
Q

Cinnamon Use

A

Diabetes

69
Q

Black Cohosh Uses

A
  • Menopause

- Hot flashes

70
Q

Cough Age Exclusion

A

<4 y.o.

71
Q

Cough Temperature Exclusion

A

T > 100.4 F

72
Q

Fever Age/Temperature exclusions

A
  • > 3 mo with temperature >104 F

- <3 mo with temperature >100.4

73
Q

Fever Temperature Exclusion

A

Repeated fevers of >104 F, any age

74
Q

Fever Age/Time Exclusions

A
  • <2 y.o. with fever for more than 24 hours

- >2 y.o. with fever longer than 3 days

75
Q

Cold Age Exclusions

A
  • <3 mo

- Advanced Age

76
Q

Allergy Age Exclusion

A

<12 y.o. (need differential diagnosis)

77
Q

Allergy Group Exclusion

A

Pregnant/Lactating Women

78
Q

Headache Age Exclusion

A

<8 y.o.

79
Q

Headache Group Exclusion

A

Last Trimester of Preggo

80
Q

Insomnia Age Exclusions

A
  • <12 y.o.

- >65 y.o.

81
Q

Insomnia Group Exclusion

A

Pregnancy

82
Q

Atopic Dermatitis Age Exclusion

A

<1 y.o.

83
Q

Pyrethrins Age Exclusion

A

<2 y.o.

84
Q

Permethrin Age Exclusion

A

<2 mo.

85
Q

ACD/UCD/ICD Age Exclusion

A

<2 y.o.

86
Q

Insect Bites/Stings Age Exclusion

A

<2 y.o.

87
Q

Pediculosis Group Exclusions

A
  • Breast-feeding

- Active tumors

88
Q

Fungal Skin Infections Age Exclusion

A

<2 y.o.

89
Q

Burn SA Exclusions

A
  • Adults: BSA > 2% (not including minor sunburns

- Children: BSA > 5%

90
Q

Burn Age Exclusion

A

Advanced Age

91
Q

N/V Age Exclusion

A

<6 mo

92
Q

HB/Dyspepsia Age Exclusions

A
  • > 45 y.o. with new onset of symptoms

- Children

93
Q

Antacid Age Exclusion

A

<2 y.o.

94
Q

H2RA Age Exclusion

A

<12 y.o.

95
Q

PPI Age Exclusion

A

<18 y.o.

96
Q

Constipation Age Exclusions

A

-<2 y.o.

97
Q

Diarrhea Age Exclusions

A
  • <6 mo.

- >6 mo. with a fever

98
Q

Diarrhea Group Exclusion

A

Pregnancy

99
Q

Anorectal Disorder Age Exclusion

A

<12 y.o.

815 (24 decks)

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