Exam 4 Misc. Stuff Flashcards
1
Q
Vitamin A Uses
A
Need for growth and reproduction, recommended for eye health
2
Q
AREDS/AREDS 2 Uses
A
- Contains vitamins A, C, and E, zinc, and copper
- Reduced risk of macular degeneration, age-related eye disease (AREDS 2 - Lutein and zeaxanthin replaced betacarotene)
3
Q
Vitamin D Uses
A
- Important for bone mineralization
- D2 – Ergocalciferol, plant based
- D3 – Cholecalciferol, UV and animal tissue based like fatty fish
4
Q
Vitamin E Uses
A
Antioxidant from unsaturated fats and leafy greens
5
Q
Vitamin K Uses
A
Important for homeostasis and bone metabolism
6
Q
Vitamin B1 Uses
A
- Thiamine
- Essential for energy generation and nerve conduction
7
Q
Vitamin B3 Uses
A
- Niacin
- Needed for oxidation/reduction reactions and DNA repair
8
Q
Vitamin B6 Uses
A
- Pyridoxine
- Needed for protein metabolism
9
Q
Vitamin B7 Uses
A
- Biotin
- Needed for carb, fat, and amino acid metabolism
10
Q
Vitamin B9 Uses
A
- Folic acid
- Involved in DNA synthesis and RBC maturation
11
Q
Vitamin B12 Uses
A
- Cobalamin
- Involved in fat, protein, and carb metabolism
12
Q
Vitamin C Uses
A
- Needed for biosynthesis of collagen and some neurotransmitters
- Promoted for immune system support
13
Q
Calcium Uses
A
Important for bone health and muscle function
14
Q
Iron Uses
A
Important for hemoglobin and oxygenation of tissues
15
Q
Magnesium Uses
A
Important for muscle function, bone structure, and enzyme function
16
Q
Vitamin A Food Sources
A
- Dark green/red/orange/yellow vegetables and fruits
- Liver
- Milk
- Egg yolk (retinol)
17
Q
Vitamin D Food Sources
A
- Fortified foods and fatty fish
- Minimal sunbathing for D3
18
Q
Vitamin E Food Sources
A
- Unsaturated fats
- Leafy greens
19
Q
Vitamin K Food Sources
A
- Leafy greens
- Fermented foods
20
Q
Vitamin B1 Food Sources
A
- Fortified whole grains
- Legumes
- Seeds
- Nuts
- Meat (especially pork and fish)
21
Q
Vitamin B3 Food Sources
A
- Milk
- Eggs
- Fortified grains
- Rice
- Legumes
- Peanuts
- Fish
- Lean Meats
22
Q
Vitamin B6 Food Sources
A
- Poultry
- Fish
- Organ meats
- Potato
- Starchy vegetables
- Non-citrus fruits
23
Q
Vitamin B7 Food Sources
A
- Organ Meats
- Eggs
- Fish
- Meat
- Seeds
- Nuts
- Certain veggies (sweet potato)
24
Q
Vitamin B9 Food Sources
A
- Liver
- Yeast
- Nuts
- Greens
- Spinach
25
Vitamin B12 Food Sources
- Animal products
- Meat
- Fish
- Dairy
- Eggs
26
Vitamin C Food Sources
- Citrus
- Green vegetables
- Tomatoes
- Potatoes
27
Vitamin A Adverse Effects
- Short-term: headache, diplopia, N/V, vertigo, skin discoloration
- Long-term: Decreased BMD, liver toxicity, teratogenic
28
Vitamin D Adverse Effects/Deficiency Causers
Adverse Effects
- Headache
- Metallic taste
- Hypercalcemia (kidney stones, N/V, calcification, anorexia, renal failure)
-Anticonvulsants, corticosteroids, azole antifungals, HAART may cause deficiencies
29
Vitamin E Adverse Effects
- Bleeding
- Prostate cancer
- Congestive heart failure
- Hemorrhagic stroke
30
Vitamins with No Known Adverse Effects
- Vitamin B1
- Vitamin K
- Vitamin B7
- Vitamin B9
- Vitamin B12
31
Vitamin K Food Requirement
-Take in consistent amount of leafy greens
32
Vitamin B1 Deficiency Causers
- Diuretics
| - Fluorouracil
33
Vitamin B3 Adverse Effects
- Flushing
- Hyperglycemia
- Liver damage
- Peptic ulcers
- Rhabdomyolysis
- Gout
- Arrhythmias
- Hypotension
34
Vitamin B6 Adverse Effects/Deficiency Causers
Adverse Effects
- Peripheral neuropathy
- Painful skin patches
- Sensitivity to sunlight
- Nausea
- Heartburn
-Isoniazid, anticonvulsants, corticosteroids may cause deficiencies
35
Vitamin B7 Affects...
-TSH and troponin lab results
36
Vitamin B9 Deficiency Causers
- Methotrexate
- Anticonvulsants
- Sulfasalazine
37
Vitamin B12 Deficiency Causer
Metformin
38
Vitamin C Adverse Effects
- Abdominal pain
- Diarrhea
- Nausea
- Kidney stones
39
Calcium Adverse Effects
- Abdominal pain
- Gas
- N/V
- Constipation
40
Iron Adverse Effects
- Epigastric discomfort
- N/V
- Constipation
- Iron poisoning (GI problems that lead to electrolyte imbalances and then shock/CV collapse)
41
Magnesium Adverse Effect
Diarrhea
42
Percentage of Elemental Calcium
- Calcium Carbonate (40% elemental calcium)
- Calcium Citrate (21% elemental calcium)
- Calcium Lactate (13% elemental calcium)
- Calcium Gluconate (9% elemental calcium)
43
Random Calcium Absorption Facts
- Best absorbed in doses of 500 mg or less with meals
| - Calcium citrate is equally absorbed regardless of meals
44
Percentage of Elemental Iron
- Ferrous fumarate (33% elemental iron)
- Ferrous gluconate (12% elemental iron)
- Ferrous sulfate (20% elemental iron)
**Absorbs best in an acidic environment**
45
Percentage of Elemental Magnesium
- Magnesium carbonate (expressed as elemental: 54mg)
- Magnesium chloride (1 gram = 120mg elemental)
- Magnesium gluconate (1 gram = 54mg elemental)
- Magnesium L-lactate (1 gram = 120mg elemental)
- Magnesium oxide (400mg = 240mg elemental)
**Magnesium chloride is the best absorbed form**
46
Duplication Examples
- Ginseng + Ginkgo – antiplatelet
- Ginseng + Coffee (caffeine) – stimulants
- Ca channel blocker + Garlic
47
Opposition Examples
- Ginseng vs. Lavender
- Dopamine vs. Ca channel blocker
- Ca channel blocker + Ephedra
48
Alteration Examples
- Ginseng and Alcohol – increase clearance of alcohol
- Carbamazepine and oral contraceptives (OC)
- Carbamazepine + St. John's wort
**Affects ADME**
49
Approved Online Resources for Herbals
- Natural Medicines
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH)
- PubMed
- PubMed Dietary Supplement Subset
- TOXNET
- USP Verified Dietary Supplements
50
Echinacea Use
Common Cold
51
Cranberry Use
UTI
52
Garlic Uses
- Hypertension
| - Artheroschlerosis
53
Ginseng Use
Cognitive Function
54
Gingko Biloba Use
Cognitive Function
55
Green Tea Pills Uses
- Energy boost
- Cognitive function
- Cancer prevention
56
EGCG Uses
- Energy Boost
- Cognitive Function
- Cancer prevention
57
Milk Thistle Use
Hepatic Disease
58
Saw Palmetto Use
BPH
59
Valerian Use
Insomnia
60
Red Yeast Rice Use
High Cholesterol
61
Butterbur Use
Migraines
62
Feverfew Use
Headaches
63
Fish Oil Uses
- Heart Disease
| - Hypertriglyceridemia
64
Kava Use
Anxiety
65
Melatonin Use
Mild insomnia
66
St. John's Wort Use
Depression
67
Ginger Use
N/V
68
Cinnamon Use
Diabetes
69
Black Cohosh Uses
- Menopause
| - Hot flashes
70
Cough Age Exclusion
<4 y.o.
71
Cough Temperature Exclusion
T > 100.4 F
72
Fever Age/Temperature exclusions
- >3 mo with temperature >104 F
| - <3 mo with temperature >100.4
73
Fever Temperature Exclusion
Repeated fevers of >104 F, any age
74
Fever Age/Time Exclusions
- <2 y.o. with fever for more than 24 hours
| - >2 y.o. with fever longer than 3 days
75
Cold Age Exclusions
- <3 mo
| - Advanced Age
76
Allergy Age Exclusion
<12 y.o. (need differential diagnosis)
77
Allergy Group Exclusion
Pregnant/Lactating Women
78
Headache Age Exclusion
<8 y.o.
79
Headache Group Exclusion
Last Trimester of Preggo
80
Insomnia Age Exclusions
- <12 y.o.
| - >65 y.o.
81
Insomnia Group Exclusion
Pregnancy
82
Atopic Dermatitis Age Exclusion
<1 y.o.
83
Pyrethrins Age Exclusion
<2 y.o.
84
Permethrin Age Exclusion
<2 mo.
85
ACD/UCD/ICD Age Exclusion
<2 y.o.
86
Insect Bites/Stings Age Exclusion
<2 y.o.
87
Pediculosis Group Exclusions
- Breast-feeding
| - Active tumors
88
Fungal Skin Infections Age Exclusion
<2 y.o.
89
Burn SA Exclusions
- Adults: BSA > 2% (not including minor sunburns
| - Children: BSA > 5%
90
Burn Age Exclusion
Advanced Age
91
N/V Age Exclusion
<6 mo
92
HB/Dyspepsia Age Exclusions
- >45 y.o. with new onset of symptoms
| - Children
93
Antacid Age Exclusion
<2 y.o.
94
H2RA Age Exclusion
<12 y.o.
95
PPI Age Exclusion
<18 y.o.
96
Constipation Age Exclusions
-<2 y.o.
97
Diarrhea Age Exclusions
- <6 mo.
| - >6 mo. with a fever
98
Diarrhea Group Exclusion
Pregnancy
99
Anorectal Disorder Age Exclusion
<12 y.o.
