Exam 4 MC Questions Flashcards
All glucogenic amino acids must be converted into _____ in order to be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis.
* Citrate
* Isocitrate
* Malate
* Oxaloacetate
Oxaloacetate
AMPK covalently inhibits mTORC1 by phosphorylating raptor.
* True
* False
true
Which of the following is classified as an aliphatic amino acid?
* Alanine
* Asparagine
* Aspartate
* Arginine
Alanine
If you removed an amino acid from physiological pH and placed it in a beaker of concentrated NaOH, it would act a ____.
* Proton donor
* Proton acceptor
Proton donor
Amino acids can stimulate insulin secretion from the beta cells by promoting calcium entry into the cell.
* True
* False
true
Fatty acid synthetase is in the cytosol while amino acids are converted to TCA intermediates in the mitochondrial matrix. What biochemical pathway overcomes this spacial separation to allow AAs to be converted to fatty acids?
* Malate aspartate shuttle
* G3P shuttle
* Citrate shuttle
* The CPT1 system
citrate shuttle
Which of the following most drastically results in increased protein synthesis?
* Insulin
* Amino acids
* Glucagon
* Insulin and amino acids
* Glucagon and amino acids
* Insulin and glucagon
Insulin and amino acids
Which of the following amino acids has a positively charged side-chain at physiological pH?
* Asparagine
* Arginine
* Aspartate
* Alanine
Arginine
AMPK inhibits mTORC1 by covalently activating TSC2.
* True
* False
true
Which of the following is the correct 3-letter designation for glutamate?
* Gly
* Glu
* Gln
* Gta
Glu
Generally speaking, the rate of protein turnover largely differs from one body organ to the next.
* True
* False
true
Which of the following is characteristic of amino acids that typically lend themselves as sited of phosphorylation in the covalent regulation of proteins?
* An aromatic ring
* A hydroxyl group
* A methyl group
* A thiol group
A hydroxyl group
Which of the following is not a totally indispensable amino acid?
* Leucine
* Lysine
* Threonine
* Histidine
Leucine
Which of the following is the least prominent fate of amino acids catabolizing during the fed state?
* Body protein synthesis
* Energy production
* Synthesis of nonprotein derivatives (i.e. TSH)
* TAG synthesis
Energy production
You are exercising 14 hours into the post-absorptive state. mTOR is active.
* True
* False
false
Protein synthesis is most active following a high-carbohydrate meal with no protein.
* True
* False
false
The catabolism of which of the following amino acids requires a deamidation reaction?
* Glutamate
* Lysine
* Threonine
* Alanine
lysine
Though ketogenic diets have some function in acute weight loss, its initial clinical use for the treatment of _____.
* Hypercholesterolemia
* Cardiovascular disease
* Diabetes
* Epileptic seizures
Epileptic seizures
Ammonium that is not converted to urea in the liver will likely be joined with _____ to make another amino acid, which will recirculate in the blood.
* Alanine
* Glutamate
* Citrulline
* Glutamine
Glutamate
Which of the following macronutrient profiles is the most representative of a ketogenic diet?
* 60% carbs, 25% fat, 15% protein
* 20% carbs, 40% fat, 40% protein
* 60% carbs, 25% protein, 15% fat
* 80% carbs, 10% fat, 10% protein
20% carbs, 40% fat, 40% protein
The utilization of alanine as a gluconeogenic substrate is _____ at 13 hours into the fasted state compared to 24 hours into the fasted state.
* Higher
* Lower
* No different
Lower
As MCD activity increases, the rate of ketogenesis _____.
* Increases
* Decreases
increases
Ammonium that enters the perivenous hepatocytes primarily leaves the cell in the form of urea.
* True
* False
false
It has been 24 hours since your last meal. Compared to 12 hours ago, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) in your liver would be _____ active.
* More
* Less
* No differently
more
You have normal metabolic function (healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, ketogenesis is _____ active.
* Less
* No differently
* More
more
A decreased rate of beta oxidation will likely contribute to an increased rate of ketogenesis.
* True
* False
false
Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency would be best treated with which of the following?
* Citrulline supplementation
* Limit dietary proteins
* Arginine supplementation
* Citrulline supplementation and limiting dietary protein
* Arginine supplementation and limiting dietary protein
Citrulline supplementation and limiting dietary protein
Which of the following is a positive allosteric regulator of NAG synthase?
* Arginine
* Lysine
* Ornithine
* NAG
Arginine
You have normal metabolic function (healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, acetone levels expired are _____.
* Lower
* Higher
* No different
higher
It has been 24 hours since your last meal. Compared to 12 hours ago, amino acid levels in your blood would be ____.
* Lower
* No different
* Higher
higher
Increased proteolysis results in increased activity of N-acetyl glutamate synthetase.
* True
* False
true
The urea cycle is an energy consuming process.
* True
* False
true
You have normal metabolic function (healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, the rate of proteolysis _____.
* Increases
* Doesn’t change
* Decreases
decreases
With the exception of hepatocytes, any cell with mitochondria can oxidize ketone bodies.
* True
* False
true
Which of the following is the most prominent substrate for ATP production in skeletal muscle >48 hours without a meal?
* Glucose
* Ketones
* Amino acids
* Glycogen
ketones
In order for the glutathione system to function properly, glutathione should be in its oxidized state.
* True
* False
false
Which of the following would be the least successful in improving the condition associated with an arginosuccinase deficiency?
* All of the above would be equally as beneficial
* Drugs that remove NH4+
* Citrulline supplementation
* Arginine supplementation
* Decreased protein intake
Citrulline supplementation
A 2-week-old infant presents with vomiting, lethargy, and convulsions without evidence of an infectious process. Laboratory examination reveals hyperammonemia, low blood carbon dioxide level, and alkalosis. The diagnosis is a hereditary deficiency of N-acetylglutamate synthetase. Which enzyme is allosterically activated by N-acetylglutamate?
- arginase
- carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1
- arginosuccinate lyase
- ornithine transcarbamoylase
carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1
Coconut protein is biologically inferior because it is lacking many essential amino acids. In your efforts to make transgenic coconuts with protein of high biological value, you should definitely ensure that your coconut protein has an adequate amount of:
- glutamine
- phenylalanine
- tyrosine
- serine
phenylalanine
Of the following, which amino acid is most important for turns in tertiary protein structure?
- cysteine
- cytosine
- methionine
- proline
proline
You are at rest and in the postprandial state following a high carbohydrate meal. mTOR is phosphorylated.
* true
* false
true
In which of the following situations are you most likely to find a person in a state of positive nitrogen balance?
*fever
*starvation
*pregnancy
*none of the above
pregnancy
Which of the following amino acids is ketogenic only?
* leucine
* isoleucine
* threonine
* phenylalanine
leucine
Limiting amino acids are always essential amino acids.
* true
* false
false
Which of the following amino acids might improve the prognosis of a burn victim?
- leucine and glutamate
- lysine and arginine
- glutamine and arginine
- aspartate and glutamine
glutamine and arginine
As hydrogen peroxide levels begin to rise in the cell, which system is likely to function more quickly and convert hydrogen peroxide to water?
- catalase
- MnSOD
- glutathione system
- CuZnSOD
glutathione system
You have normal metabolic function (e.g., healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, acetone levels expired are ____________.
- higher
- lower
- no different
higher
You have normal metabolic function (e.g., healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, the rate of proteolysis ____________.
- increases
- decreases
- doesn’t change
decreases
Though ketogenic diets have some function in acute weight loss, its initial clinical use was for the treatment of ___________.
- diabetes
- epileptic seizures
- cardiovascular disease
- hypercholesterolemia
epileptic seizures
