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Medical Biochemistry > Exam 4 MC Questions > Flashcards

Exam 4 MC Questions Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

All glucogenic amino acids must be converted into _____ in order to be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis.
* Citrate
* Isocitrate
* Malate
* Oxaloacetate

A

Oxaloacetate

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2
Q

AMPK covalently inhibits mTORC1 by phosphorylating raptor.
* True
* False

A

true

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3
Q

Which of the following is classified as an aliphatic amino acid?
* Alanine
* Asparagine
* Aspartate
* Arginine

A

Alanine

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4
Q

If you removed an amino acid from physiological pH and placed it in a beaker of concentrated NaOH, it would act a ____.
* Proton donor
* Proton acceptor

A

Proton donor

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5
Q

Amino acids can stimulate insulin secretion from the beta cells by promoting calcium entry into the cell.
* True
* False

A

true

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6
Q

Fatty acid synthetase is in the cytosol while amino acids are converted to TCA intermediates in the mitochondrial matrix. What biochemical pathway overcomes this spacial separation to allow AAs to be converted to fatty acids?
* Malate aspartate shuttle
* G3P shuttle
* Citrate shuttle
* The CPT1 system

A

citrate shuttle

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7
Q

Which of the following most drastically results in increased protein synthesis?
* Insulin
* Amino acids
* Glucagon
* Insulin and amino acids
* Glucagon and amino acids
* Insulin and glucagon

A

Insulin and amino acids

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8
Q

Which of the following amino acids has a positively charged side-chain at physiological pH?
* Asparagine
* Arginine
* Aspartate
* Alanine

A

Arginine

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9
Q

AMPK inhibits mTORC1 by covalently activating TSC2.
* True
* False

A

true

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10
Q

Which of the following is the correct 3-letter designation for glutamate?
* Gly
* Glu
* Gln
* Gta

A

Glu

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11
Q

Generally speaking, the rate of protein turnover largely differs from one body organ to the next.
* True
* False

A

true

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12
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of amino acids that typically lend themselves as sited of phosphorylation in the covalent regulation of proteins?
* An aromatic ring
* A hydroxyl group
* A methyl group
* A thiol group

A

A hydroxyl group

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13
Q

Which of the following is not a totally indispensable amino acid?
* Leucine
* Lysine
* Threonine
* Histidine

A

Leucine

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14
Q

Which of the following is the least prominent fate of amino acids catabolizing during the fed state?
* Body protein synthesis
* Energy production
* Synthesis of nonprotein derivatives (i.e. TSH)
* TAG synthesis

A

Energy production

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15
Q

You are exercising 14 hours into the post-absorptive state. mTOR is active.
* True
* False

A

false

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16
Q

Protein synthesis is most active following a high-carbohydrate meal with no protein.
* True
* False

A

false

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17
Q

The catabolism of which of the following amino acids requires a deamidation reaction?
* Glutamate
* Lysine
* Threonine
* Alanine

A

lysine

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18
Q

Though ketogenic diets have some function in acute weight loss, its initial clinical use for the treatment of _____.
* Hypercholesterolemia
* Cardiovascular disease
* Diabetes
* Epileptic seizures

A

Epileptic seizures

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19
Q

Ammonium that is not converted to urea in the liver will likely be joined with _____ to make another amino acid, which will recirculate in the blood.
* Alanine
* Glutamate
* Citrulline
* Glutamine

A

Glutamate

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20
Q

Which of the following macronutrient profiles is the most representative of a ketogenic diet?
* 60% carbs, 25% fat, 15% protein
* 20% carbs, 40% fat, 40% protein
* 60% carbs, 25% protein, 15% fat
* 80% carbs, 10% fat, 10% protein

A

20% carbs, 40% fat, 40% protein

21
Q

The utilization of alanine as a gluconeogenic substrate is _____ at 13 hours into the fasted state compared to 24 hours into the fasted state.
* Higher
* Lower
* No different

A

Lower

22
Q

As MCD activity increases, the rate of ketogenesis _____.
* Increases
* Decreases

A

increases

23
Q

Ammonium that enters the perivenous hepatocytes primarily leaves the cell in the form of urea.
* True
* False

A

false

24
Q

It has been 24 hours since your last meal. Compared to 12 hours ago, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) in your liver would be _____ active.
* More
* Less
* No differently

A

more

25
Q

You have normal metabolic function (healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, ketogenesis is _____ active.
* Less
* No differently
* More

A

more

26
Q

A decreased rate of beta oxidation will likely contribute to an increased rate of ketogenesis.
* True
* False

A

false

27
Q

Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency would be best treated with which of the following?
* Citrulline supplementation
* Limit dietary proteins
* Arginine supplementation
* Citrulline supplementation and limiting dietary protein
* Arginine supplementation and limiting dietary protein

A

Citrulline supplementation and limiting dietary protein

28
Q

Which of the following is a positive allosteric regulator of NAG synthase?
* Arginine
* Lysine
* Ornithine
* NAG

A

Arginine

29
Q

You have normal metabolic function (healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, acetone levels expired are _____.
* Lower
* Higher
* No different

A

higher

30
Q

It has been 24 hours since your last meal. Compared to 12 hours ago, amino acid levels in your blood would be ____.
* Lower
* No different
* Higher

A

higher

31
Q

Increased proteolysis results in increased activity of N-acetyl glutamate synthetase.
* True
* False

A

true

32
Q

The urea cycle is an energy consuming process.
* True
* False

A

true

33
Q

You have normal metabolic function (healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, the rate of proteolysis _____.
* Increases
* Doesn’t change
* Decreases

A

decreases

34
Q

With the exception of hepatocytes, any cell with mitochondria can oxidize ketone bodies.
* True
* False

A

true

35
Q

Which of the following is the most prominent substrate for ATP production in skeletal muscle >48 hours without a meal?
* Glucose
* Ketones
* Amino acids
* Glycogen

A

ketones

36
Q

In order for the glutathione system to function properly, glutathione should be in its oxidized state.
* True
* False

A

false

37
Q

Which of the following would be the least successful in improving the condition associated with an arginosuccinase deficiency?
* All of the above would be equally as beneficial
* Drugs that remove NH4+
* Citrulline supplementation
* Arginine supplementation
* Decreased protein intake

A

Citrulline supplementation

38
Q

A 2-week-old infant presents with vomiting, lethargy, and convulsions without evidence of an infectious process. Laboratory examination reveals hyperammonemia, low blood carbon dioxide level, and alkalosis. The diagnosis is a hereditary deficiency of N-acetylglutamate synthetase. Which enzyme is allosterically activated by N-acetylglutamate?

  • arginase
  • carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1
  • arginosuccinate lyase
  • ornithine transcarbamoylase
A

carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1

39
Q

Coconut protein is biologically inferior because it is lacking many essential amino acids. In your efforts to make transgenic coconuts with protein of high biological value, you should definitely ensure that your coconut protein has an adequate amount of:

  • glutamine
  • phenylalanine
  • tyrosine
  • serine
A

phenylalanine

40
Q

Of the following, which amino acid is most important for turns in tertiary protein structure?

  • cysteine
  • cytosine
  • methionine
  • proline
A

proline

41
Q

You are at rest and in the postprandial state following a high carbohydrate meal. mTOR is phosphorylated.
* true
* false

A

true

42
Q

In which of the following situations are you most likely to find a person in a state of positive nitrogen balance?
*fever
*starvation
*pregnancy
*none of the above

A

pregnancy

43
Q

Which of the following amino acids is ketogenic only?
* leucine
* isoleucine
* threonine
* phenylalanine

A

leucine

44
Q

Limiting amino acids are always essential amino acids.
* true
* false

A

false

45
Q

Which of the following amino acids might improve the prognosis of a burn victim?

  • leucine and glutamate
  • lysine and arginine
  • glutamine and arginine
  • aspartate and glutamine
A

glutamine and arginine

46
Q

As hydrogen peroxide levels begin to rise in the cell, which system is likely to function more quickly and convert hydrogen peroxide to water?

  • catalase
  • MnSOD
  • glutathione system
  • CuZnSOD
A

glutathione system

47
Q

You have normal metabolic function (e.g., healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, acetone levels expired are ____________.

  • higher
  • lower
  • no different
A

higher

48
Q

You have normal metabolic function (e.g., healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, the rate of proteolysis ____________.

  • increases
  • decreases
  • doesn’t change
A

decreases

49
Q

Though ketogenic diets have some function in acute weight loss, its initial clinical use was for the treatment of ___________.

  • diabetes
  • epileptic seizures
  • cardiovascular disease
  • hypercholesterolemia
A

epileptic seizures

Medical Biochemistry (4 decks)

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