Exam 4 MC Questions

Question 1

All glucogenic amino acids must be converted into _____ in order to be used as a substrate for gluconeogenesis.
* Citrate
* Isocitrate
* Malate
* Oxaloacetate

Answer 1

Oxaloacetate

Question 2

AMPK covalently inhibits mTORC1 by phosphorylating raptor.
* True
* False

Answer 2

true

Question 3

Which of the following is classified as an aliphatic amino acid?
* Alanine
* Asparagine
* Aspartate
* Arginine

Answer 3

Alanine

Question 4

If you removed an amino acid from physiological pH and placed it in a beaker of concentrated NaOH, it would act a ____.
* Proton donor
* Proton acceptor

Answer 4

Proton donor

Question 5

Amino acids can stimulate insulin secretion from the beta cells by promoting calcium entry into the cell.
* True
* False

Answer 5

true

Question 6

Fatty acid synthetase is in the cytosol while amino acids are converted to TCA intermediates in the mitochondrial matrix. What biochemical pathway overcomes this spacial separation to allow AAs to be converted to fatty acids?
* Malate aspartate shuttle
* G3P shuttle
* Citrate shuttle
* The CPT1 system

Answer 6

citrate shuttle

Question 7

Which of the following most drastically results in increased protein synthesis?
* Insulin
* Amino acids
* Glucagon
* Insulin and amino acids
* Glucagon and amino acids
* Insulin and glucagon

Answer 7

Insulin and amino acids

Question 8

Which of the following amino acids has a positively charged side-chain at physiological pH?
* Asparagine
* Arginine
* Aspartate
* Alanine

Answer 8

Arginine

Question 9

AMPK inhibits mTORC1 by covalently activating TSC2.
* True
* False

Answer 9

true

Question 10

Which of the following is the correct 3-letter designation for glutamate?
* Gly
* Glu
* Gln
* Gta

Answer 10

Glu

Question 11

Generally speaking, the rate of protein turnover largely differs from one body organ to the next.
* True
* False

Answer 11

true

Question 12

Which of the following is characteristic of amino acids that typically lend themselves as sited of phosphorylation in the covalent regulation of proteins?
* An aromatic ring
* A hydroxyl group
* A methyl group
* A thiol group

Answer 12

A hydroxyl group

Question 13

Which of the following is not a totally indispensable amino acid?
* Leucine
* Lysine
* Threonine
* Histidine

Answer 13

Leucine

Question 14

Which of the following is the least prominent fate of amino acids catabolizing during the fed state?
* Body protein synthesis
* Energy production
* Synthesis of nonprotein derivatives (i.e. TSH)
* TAG synthesis

Answer 14

Energy production

Question 15

You are exercising 14 hours into the post-absorptive state. mTOR is active.
* True
* False

Answer 15

false

Question 16

Protein synthesis is most active following a high-carbohydrate meal with no protein.
* True
* False

Answer 16

false

Question 17

The catabolism of which of the following amino acids requires a deamidation reaction?
* Glutamate
* Lysine
* Threonine
* Alanine

Answer 17

lysine

Question 18

Though ketogenic diets have some function in acute weight loss, its initial clinical use for the treatment of _____.
* Hypercholesterolemia
* Cardiovascular disease
* Diabetes
* Epileptic seizures

Answer 18

Epileptic seizures

Question 19

Ammonium that is not converted to urea in the liver will likely be joined with _____ to make another amino acid, which will recirculate in the blood.
* Alanine
* Glutamate
* Citrulline
* Glutamine

Answer 19

Glutamate

Question 20

Which of the following macronutrient profiles is the most representative of a ketogenic diet?
* 60% carbs, 25% fat, 15% protein
* 20% carbs, 40% fat, 40% protein
* 60% carbs, 25% protein, 15% fat
* 80% carbs, 10% fat, 10% protein

Answer 20

20% carbs, 40% fat, 40% protein

Question 21

The utilization of alanine as a gluconeogenic substrate is _____ at 13 hours into the fasted state compared to 24 hours into the fasted state.
* Higher
* Lower
* No different

Answer 21

Lower

Question 22

As MCD activity increases, the rate of ketogenesis _____.
* Increases
* Decreases

Answer 22

increases

Question 23

Ammonium that enters the perivenous hepatocytes primarily leaves the cell in the form of urea.
* True
* False

Answer 23

false

Question 24

It has been 24 hours since your last meal. Compared to 12 hours ago, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) in your liver would be _____ active.
* More
* Less
* No differently

Answer 24

more

Question 25

You have normal metabolic function (healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, ketogenesis is _____ active. * Less * No differently * More

Answer 25

more

Question 26

A decreased rate of beta oxidation will likely contribute to an increased rate of ketogenesis. * True * False

Answer 26

false

Question 27

Ornithine transcarbamoylase deficiency would be best treated with which of the following? * Citrulline supplementation * Limit dietary proteins * Arginine supplementation * Citrulline supplementation and limiting dietary protein * Arginine supplementation and limiting dietary protein

Answer 27

Citrulline supplementation and limiting dietary protein

Question 28

Which of the following is a positive allosteric regulator of NAG synthase? * Arginine * Lysine * Ornithine * NAG

Answer 28

Arginine

Question 29

You have normal metabolic function (healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, acetone levels expired are _____. * Lower * Higher * No different

Answer 29

higher

Question 30

It has been 24 hours since your last meal. Compared to 12 hours ago, amino acid levels in your blood would be ____. * Lower * No different * Higher

Answer 30

higher

Question 31

Increased proteolysis results in increased activity of N-acetyl glutamate synthetase. * True * False

Answer 31

true

Question 32

The urea cycle is an energy consuming process. * True * False

Answer 32

true

Question 33

You have normal metabolic function (healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, the rate of proteolysis _____. * Increases * Doesn’t change * Decreases

Answer 33

decreases

Question 34

With the exception of hepatocytes, any cell with mitochondria can oxidize ketone bodies. * True * False

Answer 34

true

Question 35

Which of the following is the most prominent substrate for ATP production in skeletal muscle >48 hours without a meal? * Glucose * Ketones * Amino acids * Glycogen

Answer 35

ketones

Question 36

In order for the glutathione system to function properly, glutathione should be in its oxidized state. * True * False

Answer 36

false

Question 37

Which of the following would be the least successful in improving the condition associated with an arginosuccinase deficiency? * All of the above would be equally as beneficial * Drugs that remove NH4+ * Citrulline supplementation * Arginine supplementation * Decreased protein intake

Answer 37

Citrulline supplementation

Question 38

A 2-week-old infant presents with vomiting, lethargy, and convulsions without evidence of an infectious process. Laboratory examination reveals hyperammonemia, low blood carbon dioxide level, and alkalosis. The diagnosis is a hereditary deficiency of N-acetylglutamate synthetase. Which enzyme is allosterically activated by N-acetylglutamate? * arginase * carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1 * arginosuccinate lyase * ornithine transcarbamoylase

Answer 38

carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase 1

Question 39

Coconut protein is biologically inferior because it is lacking many essential amino acids. In your efforts to make transgenic coconuts with protein of high biological value, you should definitely ensure that your coconut protein has an adequate amount of: * glutamine * phenylalanine * tyrosine * serine

Answer 39

phenylalanine

Question 40

Of the following, which amino acid is most important for turns in tertiary protein structure? * cysteine * cytosine * methionine * proline

Answer 40

proline

Question 41

You are at rest and in the postprandial state following a high carbohydrate meal. mTOR is phosphorylated. * true * false

Answer 41

true

Question 42

In which of the following situations are you most likely to find a person in a state of positive nitrogen balance? *fever *starvation *pregnancy *none of the above

Answer 42

pregnancy

Question 43

Which of the following amino acids is ketogenic only? * leucine * isoleucine * threonine * phenylalanine

Answer 43

leucine

Question 44

Limiting amino acids are always essential amino acids. * true * false

Answer 44

false

Question 45

Which of the following amino acids might improve the prognosis of a burn victim? * leucine and glutamate * lysine and arginine * glutamine and arginine * aspartate and glutamine

Answer 45

glutamine and arginine

Question 46

As hydrogen peroxide levels begin to rise in the cell, which system is likely to function more quickly and convert hydrogen peroxide to water? * catalase * MnSOD * glutathione system * CuZnSOD

Answer 46

glutathione system

Question 47

You have normal metabolic function (e.g., healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, acetone levels expired are ____________. * higher * lower * no different

Answer 47

higher

Question 48

You have normal metabolic function (e.g., healthy, non-obese, and insulin sensitive) and your habitual dietary intake consists of a balanced diet. It has been 48 hours since your last meal. Compared to 24 hours ago, the rate of proteolysis ____________. * increases * decreases * doesn't change

Answer 48

decreases

Question 49

Though ketogenic diets have some function in acute weight loss, its initial clinical use was for the treatment of ___________. * diabetes * epileptic seizures * cardiovascular disease * hypercholesterolemia

Answer 49

epileptic seizures