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Bios 209 final > Exam 4 Material > Flashcards

Exam 4 Material Flashcards

1
Q

fecundity

A

Reproductive output of an individual. Low early in life, peaks in adulthood, decreases with age

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2
Q

Population

A

A group of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area (biotic)

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3
Q

Ecology

A

The study of how living things interact with each other and their environment (biotic & abiotic interactions)

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4
Q

What are the four factors that affect population size?

A

Birth
Immigration
Emigration
Death

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5
Q

What are the three patterns of dispersion?

A

clumped, uniform, random

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6
Q

life table

A

an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population

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7
Q

survivorship curve

A

Graph showing the number of survivors in different age groups for a particular species.

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8
Q

What are the three types of survivorship?

A

Type 1: Mortality happens at the end of your life (old) Ex. Humans

Type 2: Constant mortality rate, age doesn’t matter for mortality. Ex. Deer

Type 3: High number of offspring, low survival rate. Ex. Maple tree

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9
Q

How can molecular genetic tools can be used to study reproductive rates in the wild

A
  • make a genetic profile of the mother
  • take DNA from eggs
  • Compare the genes to see how many offspring the mother had
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10
Q

semelparity

A

Reproduction in which an organism produces all of its offspring in a single event; also known as big-bang reproduction.

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11
Q

iteroparity

A

Reproduction in which adults produce offspring over many years; also known as repeated reproduction.

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12
Q

K-selection

A
  • fewer offspring
  • more parental care
  • grow slower
  • live longer
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13
Q

r-selection

A
  • many offspring
  • no parental care
  • short lifespan
  • grow quickly
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14
Q

Density dependence

A

With larger populations there are fewer resources to go around. Smaller populations have more resources

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15
Q

What are the factors of density dependence?

A
  • competition for resources
  • disease
  • predation
  • territoriality
  • intrinsic factors
  • toxic waste
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16
Q

population dynamics

A

The number of prey affects the number of predators and vice versa

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17
Q

metapopulation

A

a group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them

18
Q

What lead to the explosion of human population growth?

A

the human population skyrocketed after the industrial revolution. Currently there are decreased birth rates due to education and birth control

19
Q

Rapid growth

A

More births than deaths (high rate). The majority of the population is young. Ex. Afghanistan

20
Q

Slow growth

A

More births than deaths. Similar number of elderly and young. Ex. United States

21
Q

No growth

A

Same number of old and young. Young replace old. Ex. Italy

22
Q

What are the three subcategories of interspective competition

A

competitive exclusion
resource partitioning
character displacement

23
Q

Ecological niche overlap

A

the more overlap, the more competition

24
Q

competitive exclusion

A

Two species have an overlapping niche, fight over it, one wins and pushes the other out

25
Q

Character displacement

A

similar species in the same niche differentiate until there is no overlap

26
Q

mechanical defense

A

porcupines

27
Q

chemical defense

A

skunk spray and venom

28
Q

aposematic coloration

A

warning coloration. poison dart frog

29
Q

cryptic coloration

A

camouflage

30
Q

Baesian mimicry

A

harmless species mimics harmful species

31
Q

Mullerian mimicry

A

two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

32
Q

Herbivory

A

when an animal consumes a plant

33
Q

Symbiosis

A

two or more species live in close contact
includes:
parasitism
mutualism
commensalism

34
Q

parasitism

A

derives nourishment from the second organism. the host is harmed

35
Q

mutualism

A

both species benefit from the interaction

36
Q

commensalism

A

one species benefits and the other doesn’t care

37
Q

Facilitation

A

Wolves eat deer which indirectly helps plants

38
Q

Species richness

A

number of species in a community

39
Q

relative abundance

A

proportion of each species in an ecosystem

40
Q

Shannon diversity

A

species richness and evenness. the more even representation of species the better

41
Q

food chain vs food web

A

the chain is linear while the web is intermingling and changes from time to time

Bios 209 final (4 decks)

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