Exam 4 Heart Failure Part 2 Ashley Flashcards
What is the mainstay Tx for patients who have acute reduced contractility or cardiogenic shock?
Positive Inotropes
Slide 31
Several inotropes increase ____, which increases intracellular ____ and ____
cAMP
Ca
excitation-contraction coupling
Slide 31
Catecholamines stimulate ____ receptors on the ____ to activate ____ to increase ____
beta
myocardium
adenylyl cyclase
cAMP
Slide 31
PDE inhibitors ____ increase cAMP by inhibiting its degredation
indirectly
Slide 31
Epinephrine v. NE
MOA
CO
MAP
HR
CHART ALERT!
Slide 32
Dobutamine, dopamine, milrinone, levosimendan
MOA
CO
MAP
HR
CHART
Slide 32
What is another name for exogenous BNP?
How does it work?
Nesiritide
recombinant BNP that binds to A- and B-type natriuretic receptors, inhibiting the RAAS and promotingarterial, venous, and coronary vasodilation, decreasing LVEDP and improving dyspnea
It also induces diuresis and natriuresis, relaxes cardiac muscle, and lacks any dysrhythmic effects
Slide 33
Nesiritide has not shown advantage over traditional vasodilators such as ____ & ____
NTG and SNP
Slide 33
What is indicate for acute HF when medical management fails and organ dysfunction occurs?
Urgent mechanical circulatory support
Slide 34
The Society of Thoracic Surgeons developes ____ which is a mechanical circulatory support decision making tool based on pt clinical profiles
INTERMACS
Inter-agency Registry of Mechanically Assisted Circultorary Support
Slide 34
How does intra-aortic balloon pump function?
cyclic helium balloon inflation after aortic valve closure, followed by deflation during systole
Slide 35
IABP improves what 2 things?
LV coronary perfusion and reduces LVEDP
Slide 35
What is used as the primary mode for placement evaluation of an IABP?
TEE and XRAY
Slide 35
IABP degree of support varies based on the ____, ____ and ____
set volume, size of the balloon, and ratio of supported beats
Slide 35
Full support with IABP is a ____ ratio
____ratio is ideal for tachycardic patients
1:1
1:2
Slide 35
IABP only provides ____ improvememnts in CO (____)
it renders patients ____ so it does not have good ____ use
modest
0.5-1
immobile
long-term
Slide 35
____ is a VAD that can be placed percutaneously to reduce LV strain and myocardial work in the setting of acute heart failure
Impella
Slide 36
How long can impella be used for?
What does it serve as?
14 days
transition to recovery or a bridge to a cardiac procedure (CABG, PCI, VAD, transplant)
Slide 36
impella consists of miniature ____ inserted through the ____ artery, advanced through the ____ and is situated in the ____
rotary blood pump
femoral
AV valve
LV
Slide 36
the impella draws blood from the ____ through the ____ port and ejects it into the ____ through the ____ port
LV
distal
ascending aorta
proximal
Slide 36
Impella is also known as what?
The world’s smallest heart pump
Slide 37
____ is a support devices that can provide extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)
Peripheral VAD
Slide 38
A peripheral VAD consists of a small pump and controller which is helpful for ____, but it generates ____ causing more ____ and ____
transport
heat
hemolysis
lower flows
Slide 38
If the peripheral VAD has an oxygenator it can be considered ____
If there is no oxygenator it is just used to ____
ECMO
support the right or left side of the heart
Slide 38
If we cant achieve adequate flows w/ peripheral VAD, ____ then ____ may be necessary
Central VAD/ECMO
Slide 38
A central VAD/ECMO has cannulas placed in the ____ and ____
it is invasive and requires ____ or ____ for placement
What are the benefits?
RA, aorta
sternotomy, thoracotomy
benefits: complete ventricular decompression, avoidance of limb impairment, and avoidance of SVC syndrome
Slide 38
T/F
Pts on ECMO do not have reduced lung perfusion
False
Pts on ECMO likely have reduced lung perfusion as blood bypasses the lungs before returning to the aorta
Slide 39
inahled anesthetics may be signficantly limited by ____ around the lungs
functional shunting
Slide 39
What type of anesthetic should be considered for patients on ECMO?
TIVA
Slide 39
Since the ECMO membrane is ____, many of our drugs including ____ will become ____ in the circuit
lipophilic
fentanyl
sequestered
Slide 39
Once a patient on ECMO is stabilized, what can we do to start weaning?
decouple support of the ventricles with two independent circuits to allow for weaning of either the left- or right-sided support
Slide 40
How do separate circuits be achieved with ECMO?
percutaneous placement to support the right and left sides separately
Slide 40
What is another alternative method for separating the assistance of the L and R sides of the heart?
The right and left sides can be centrally cannulated individually
Slide 40
HF patients are at increased risk for developing what 4 things?
They require longer periods of ____ and have an overall increased ____ day mortality
Renal failure
sepsis
pneumonia
cardiac arrest
mechanical ventilation
30
Slide 41
Pre-op, we need to examine whether HF patients are ____ or require ____
compensated
treatment
Slide 41
Surgery for HF should be postponed in what 3 scenarios?
decompensation
a recent change in clinical status
in de novo acute heart failure
Slide 41
Which medications reduce peri-operative morbidity and mortality?
Beta blockers
generally, which type of medications used for HF should be held on the day of the surgery?
Diuretics
Slide 42
Because ACE inhibitors increase the risk of HoTN, the AHA guidelines reccommend discontinuing ACE inhibitors before surgery. T/F?
False- maintain therapy peri-operatively
Slide 42
EKG is recommended in any patient with ____ disease
cardiovascular
Slide 42