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Exam 4 (Gastric Secretion) Flashcards

1
Q

5 components of gastric juice in the simple stomach

A
  1. HCl
  2. water
  3. pepsin
  4. intrinsic factor
  5. mucus
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2
Q

HCl in gastric juice of simple stomach is (hypertonic/hypotonic/isotonic).

A

isotonic

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3
Q

Pepsin, a component of gastric juice, is ______ (breaks down _____).

A

proteolytic
proteins

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4
Q

Function of intrinsic factor (gastric juice component)

A

B12 absorption in ileum (in pancreas in dog/cat)

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5
Q

Surface epithelium of gastric mucosa is lined with _______ and has numerous ______.

A

simple columnar epithelium
gastric pits

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6
Q

How many gastric glands do one gastric pit serve in surface epithelium of gastric mucosa?

A

1-3

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7
Q

What 2 epithelial cell types are in the Cardiac Gland Region?

A

mucous cell
enteroendocrine cell

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8
Q

Mucous cells secretory products

A

mucus + pepsinogen

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9
Q

Enteroendocrine cell secretory product in cardiac gland region

A

variable

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10
Q

Oxyntic Gland Region epithelial cell types

A

parietal cell
chief cell
mucous cell
enteroendocrine cell

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11
Q

Parietal cell secretory products

A

HCl + intrinsic factor

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12
Q

Chief cell secretory product

A

pepsinogen

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13
Q

Enteroendocrine cell types in the Oxyntic Gland Region

A

ECL (enterochromaffin-like cell)
D cells

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14
Q

What do ECL cells produce?

A

histamine (paracrine)

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15
Q

D cells secretory product in Oxyntic Gland Region

A

somatostatin (paracrine)

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16
Q

Function of somatostatin

A

inhibit release of histamine + gastric acid

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17
Q

Which cell type is NOT in the Pyloric Gland Region?

A

parietal cells

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18
Q

Epithelial cell types in the Pyloric Gland Region

A

mucous cell
enteroendocrine cell

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19
Q

What 2 enteroendocrine cells are in the Pyloric Gland Region?

A

G cell
D cell

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20
Q

Secretory product of G cells

A

gastrin (endocrine)

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21
Q

Function of Somatostatin in Pyloric Gland Region

A

inhibits gastrin release

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22
Q

Function of Somatostatin in Pyloric Gland Region

A

inhibits gastrin release when pH too low

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23
Q

What is the “universal inhibitor of gastric acid”?

A

somatostatin

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24
Q

5 functions of Gastric HCl

A
  1. activate pepsinogen
  2. provide optimal pH for pepsin action
  3. denature/hydrolyze protein –> AAs
  4. bacteriocidal
  5. demineralizes ingested bone
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25
Q

How does Gastric HCl activate pepsinogen?

A

acid cleavage to activate & autocleave –> pepsin

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26
Q

What is the optimal pH for pepsin action which Gastric HCl provides?

A

2-4

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27
Q

What is the purpose of denaturing/hydrolysis of native protein –> amino acids by Gastric HCl?

A

gastrin stimulus (for release)

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28
Q

What about Gastric HCl is lost with certain meds? Why?

A

bacteriocidal function lost
PPT (proton pump inhibitor) blocks HCl secretion

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29
Q

It’s usually not a problem when an animal swallows a bone because gastric HCl demineralizes ingested bone by dissolving ____.

A

CaPO4

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30
Q

HCl is secreted via _______ and is (primary/secondary/tertiary) active transport.

A

H+ / K+ ATPase (H+ pump)
primary (uses ATP)

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31
Q

For HCl secretion, ____ and ___ diffuse into the parietal cell.

A

H2O + CO2

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32
Q

_____ is on the apical membrane and exchanged for ___, so ___ is pumped into the lumen during HCl secretion mechanism.

A

H+ pump
K+
H+

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33
Q

On the basolateral membrane, ______ exchanger brings ___ in and ___ out during HCl secretion mechanism.

A

Cl/HCO3
Cl
HCO3

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34
Q

What two things combine to form HCl in the lumen which passes to the blood?

A

H+ + Cl- = HCl

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35
Q

What is created when HCO3 enters blood as H+ into the lumen?

A

alkaline tide

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36
Q

Alkaline tide (increases/decreases) blood pH when HCO3 enters blood as H+ enters lumen during HCl secretion mechanism (before/during/after) a meal.

A

increases
during + after

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37
Q

What 3 substances are “secretagogues” (promoters) in terms of affecting parietal cell HCl secretion?

A
  1. histamine
  2. acetylcholine
  3. gastrin
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38
Q

Histamine is (endocrine/exocrine/paracrine/neural) and binds to the ___ receptor which increases _____.

A

paracrine
H2
cAMP

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39
Q

The increase in cAMP by histamine directly stimulates _____ which potentiates Ach/gastrin stimulation of ______.

A

H-K ATPase

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40
Q

What is the main source of histamine? Minor sources (2)?

A

ECL cells
mast cells + histaminergic nerves

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41
Q

Stimuli of ECL cell for histamine release (2)

A

gastrin
acetylcholine

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42
Q

Gastrin stimulates ECL cells to release histamine by binding to ____ receptor on ____ cells.

A

CCK-B
ECL

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43
Q

Acetylcholine as a stimulus of ECL cell has ____ and ___ reflex activity during appetite + when meal is in stomach.

A

local + central

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44
Q

What is the inhibitor of ECL cell (and therefore histamine release)?

A

somatostatin

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45
Q

Somatostatin is released when pH is (high/low).

A

low

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46
Q

Histamine can block ___% HCl secretion with ______.

A

80%
H2 inhibitor

47
Q

Acetylcholine is (endocrine/exocrine/paracrine/neural) and binds to _____ receptor to increase intracellular ___.

A

neural
muscarinic
Ca2+

48
Q

Increased intracellular Ca2+ by Acetylcholine stimulates _____.

A

H/K ATPase

49
Q

What is the indirect action of Acetylcholine?

A

stimulates:
gastrin release from G cells
histamine from ECL cells

50
Q

What is the source of Acetylcholine?

A

cholinergic effector neurons

51
Q

2 stimuli of acetylcholine

A

PSNS outflow
local enteric nervous sytem

52
Q

2 stimuli of acetylcholine

A

PSNS outflow
local enteric nervous system

53
Q

Gastrin is (endocrine/exocrine/paracrine/neural) and binds _____ receptor on parietal cell which increases intracellular ____ and stimulates _______.

A

CCKB
Ca2+
H/K ATPase

54
Q

Gastrin indirectly stimulates ____ release from ____ cells.

A

histamine
ECL

55
Q

Source of Gastrin

A

antral G cells

56
Q

2 neural stimuli of Gastrin

A
  1. Acetylcholine at muscarinic receptor on G cell
  2. GRP neurons (release GRP in response to antral filling)
57
Q

2 luminal stimuli of Gastrin

A
  1. amino acids
  2. decreased H+ in lumen (up pH)
58
Q

What is the one inhibitor of HCl secretion?

A

somatostatin

59
Q

Somatostatin works locally (paracrine) in what 2 parts of the stomach?

A

oxyntic stomach
antral stomach

60
Q

In the Antral Stomach, Somatostatin inhibits _____ release.

61
Q

In the Oxyntic Stomach, Somatostatin inhibits _____ and _____ release.

A

H/K ATPase
histamine

62
Q

Source of Somatostatin is from D cells in ____ and ___ stomach.

A

oxyntic + antral

63
Q

Stimulus of Somatostatin

A

up H+ in lumen (down pH)

64
Q

When parietal cells have a small (apical/basolateral) membrane they are (active/inactive) and when they are large, they are (active/inactive) b/c ______.

A

apical
inactive
active
active pumps

65
Q

If cells become too acidic or damaged, it releases _____ and causes inhibition of _____.

A

prostaglandins (PGE3)
parietal cells

66
Q

3 phases of gastric secretion (meal stimulus)

A
  1. cephalic phase
  2. gastric phase
  3. intestinal phase
67
Q

The cephalic phase of gastric secretion is ___% of total gastric secretion and is a (conditioned/unconditioned) reflex of appetite.

A

15
conditioned

68
Q

In the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, your appetite is via CNS –> ____ –> ____ effectors.

A

vagus (PS)
cholinergic

69
Q

Function of cephalic phase

A

prepares stomach for upcoming meal

70
Q

3 outcomes of cephalic phase

A
  1. gastrin release
  2. histamine release
  3. direct parietal cell stim.
71
Q

The Gastric Phase of gastric secretion is ___% of total gastric secretion.

72
Q

What is the primary stimulus for gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A

presence of food in stomach

73
Q

What are the 2 neural stimuli of the gastric phase of gastric secretion?

A
  1. mechano/chemoreceptors activate
  2. antrum stretch –> GRP neurons
74
Q

Mechano + chemoreceptors of the gastric phase of gastric secretion are activated by local + (PSNS/SNS) reflexes which activate ____ neurons.

A

PSNS
cholinergic

75
Q

3 outcomes of local + PSNS reflexes which activate cholinergic neurons in the gastric phase of gastric secretion

A
  1. direct activation of parietal cell
  2. gastrin release
  3. histamine release
76
Q

4 hormonal stimuli for gastrin release (during gastric phase of gastric secretion)

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. GRP
  3. AA’s in lumen
  4. “food buffering” effect (pH > 4)
77
Q

Food buffering effect = decreased _____ concentration by neutralization with ____ constituents.

A

gastric proton
food

78
Q

2 outcomes of food buffering effect

A
  1. remove inhibition of gastrin release
  2. decrease somatostatin release
79
Q

Intestinal Phase of gastric secretion if ___% of total gastric secretion.

80
Q

At the Intestinal Phase of gastric secretion, ____ is a(n) ____ agonist at the ____ receptor.

A

CCK
partial
gastrin

81
Q

2 stimuli of CCK

A

lipid + amino acids

82
Q

In the intestinal phase of gastric secretion, CCK keeps HCl (up/down) via binding to the ____ receptor.

83
Q

[CCK] reaches its peak (before/after) [gastrin] (increases/decreases).

A

after
decreases

84
Q

Acid secretion is physiologically inhibited by ____ and ____ feedback.

A

local
duodenum

85
Q

Local feedback control of acid secretion occurs when pH in the lumen is _____, and this releases _____ from ___ cells.

A

low
somatostatin
D cells

86
Q

_____ reflex, along with ____ and ___ hormones are a part of the feedback control of acid secretion in the duodenum.

A

enterogastric
CCK + GLP-1

87
Q

A ______ gastric ulcer is where the blood vessels are exposed.

88
Q

5 drug types to treat gastroduodenal ulcers

A
  1. antibacterial
  2. H/K ATPase inhibitors
  3. H2 receptor antagonists
  4. muscarinic antagonists
  5. antacids/sucralfate
89
Q

2 surgical treatments for gastroduodenal ulcers

A

antrectomy
vagotomy

90
Q

What bacteria strain causes gastric ulcers?

A

helicobacter pylori

91
Q

Give a drug example of H/K ATPase inhibitor. Also, what are they also known as?

A

omeprazole
PPI (proton pump inhibitor)

92
Q

Example of drug that is H2 receptor antagonist

A

ranitidine

93
Q

H2 receptor antagonists decrease ___% of acid release.

94
Q

Example drug of muscarinic antagonist

A

pirenzipine

95
Q

How does Sucralfate work?

A

binds/protects “craters” like scab to cover while healing

96
Q

Pepsinogen is (inactive/active) and made in ____ and ____ cells.

A

inactive
chief + mucous

97
Q

Pepsinogen release is mediated by ____ reflexes responding to ____ acid.

A

neural
luminal

98
Q

Pepsin is activated by _____ and acts as a ______.

A

HCl
protease

99
Q

How does pepsin act as a protease?

A

cleaves amino acids from proteins at hydrophobic AA’s

100
Q

Intrinsic factor has a main source in ________ in dogs/cats.

A

pancreatic acini

101
Q

Intrinsic factor is a ______ made + secreted by _____ cell.

A

glycoprotein
parietal

102
Q

Vitamin B12 binds to _______, containing cobalt, which is ingested in food and binds to _______.

A

cobalamin
intrinsic factor

103
Q

Vitamin B12 binds to intrinsic factor in the _____ and ____ (2 locations).

A

stomach
duodenum

104
Q

In the ______, the intrinsic factor complex dissociates and _____ is actively transported to the blood.

105
Q

Vitamin B12 is needed for _____ formation in ____ production.

A

hemoglobin
RBC

106
Q

A decrease in parietal cells is called _____.

A

achlorhydria

107
Q

A decrease in intrinsic factor leading to B12 deficiency leads to what disease?

A

pernicious anemia

108
Q

Term for autoimmunity against parietal cell that destroys them and treated long-term with PPIs.

A

atrophic gastritis

109
Q

What is the milk clotting enzyme of neonatal ruminants?

110
Q

In species other than ruminants, ____ causes milk to clot.

111
Q

Rennin is produced in the ____ cells and hydrolyzes ____ (main milk protein).

112
Q

When rennin hydrolyzes casein, this generated a precipitate called _____ which gives some “bulk” solid content to neonate’s diet.

113
Q

What is a soluble protein that results when rennin hydrolyzes casein and is watery + used in cheese?

GI Physiology (6 decks)

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