Exam 4 (FINAL EXAM) Flashcards
Water intoxication is caused by loss of ____ ions?
Sodium
Do high levels of blood CO2 increase or decrease blood pH?
Decrease
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a combination of disease processes. What two disease processes have been identified as being part of COPD?
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
What protein accumulates in the neurons of people with Parkinson’s leading to neuronal toxicity?
Alpha-Synuclein
What is the growth process for a WBC in Hematopoiesis?
Formed from Hematopoietic Stem Cells that differentiated into committed Progenitor Cells
These then turn into Myelocytic and Lymphocytic lineages to form WBC
What is the growth factor for an RBC in Hematopoiesis?
Erythropoietin
What growth factors are present in reproducing WBCs?
Cytokines
Colony Stimulating Factor
What is the role of the Epstein-Barr virus in the development of cancer?
This infection is able to reprogram and hijack B cells to become cancerous, increasing the risk of developing cancer
What is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, its cause, mechanism, and treatment?
Lymphoma originates at extranodal sites and spreads to anatomically continuous nodes
-Reed-Sternberg cells are NOT present
Treated through radiation (large tumors), combination chemo, and stem cell transplant
What cell is involved in Burkitt Lymphoma
Germinal Center B Cells
What is the difference between indolent/slow-growing lymphomas and aggressive/fast-growing?
SLOW: usually painless lymph node swelling, bone marrow involvement frequent, 5-10 years w/o treatment
FAST: fever, drenching night sweats, or weight loss, increased susceptibility to infections, sensitive to radiation and chemo
What are the differences in stages for lymphoma
- only 1 lymph node area or organ (e.g. tonsils)
- in 2 or more groups on the same side of the diaphragm
- in lymph nodes on both sides of diaphragm
- spread widely into at least one organ outside the lymph system (e.g. bone marrow, lung, liver)
How is Hodgkin Disease diasgnosed?
presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in a biopsy specimen of lymph node tissue
What is Leukemia
Malignant neoplasms arising from the transformation of a single blood cell line derived from hematopoietic stem cells
What are characteristics of Leukemic cells
immature, poorly differentiated
proliferate rapidly and long life span
interfere with maturation of normal blood cells
cross blood-brain barrier
infiltrate many body organs
How is Leukemia treated?
induction therapy (induce remission)
intensification therapy (reduce # of leukemic cells after remission
Maintenance therapy (maintain remission)
Bone marrow transplant
What are Blast Cells and what is a Blast Crisis?
young blood cells produced by stem cells, can interfere with the production of RBC, WBC, and platelets
Blast Crisis = 30% of cells in bone marrow are blast cells
What is the composition of the ECF vs the ICF
ECF:
-plasma high protein
-high sodium
-hi chloride
-low potassium
ICF:
-low sodium and chloride
-high potassium
-proteins
-HPO4
What is the change in cell volume in an isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solution
Isotonic = normal
Hypotonic = cell swelling
Hypertonic = cell shriveling
What is Osmotic Pressure?
pressure needed to oppose water movement (mmHg)
What hormone helps retain water
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-controls water reabsorption by kidneys
-release ECF volume and osmolarity
What are the manifestations of Diabetes Insipidus
-deficiency of ADH
-decreased renal response to ADH
-excessive thirst
-tasteless urine
What does Tissue Turgor show
isotonic fluid deficit
How does isotonic fluid excess affect the ECF fluid volume vs loss
Excess = expansion of fluids in interstitial and vascular compartments of ECF
Loss = contraction of fluids
What is the normal Serum Sodium levels
135-145 mEq/L
Is sodium found more in ECF or ICF
ECF
What is the difference between Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia
Hypernatremia = higher serum sodium, dehydration, thirst, decreased urine output, dry mucus membranes, fluid moves from ICF to ECF
Hyponatremia = lower serum sodium, muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, water intoxication
What helps determine water and sodium balance
stretch receptors
-thirst
-ADH
What is Water Intoxication and treatment?
excessive water
limit water intake
What is normal Potassium in serum
3.5-5 mEq/L
Is Potassium found in ECF or ICF
ICF
How does Hyperkalemia affect action potential
equilibrium potential less negative than normal
slows the heart, less concentration gradient across cell membrane
What ECG differences occur with Hyperkalemia
shortened QRS and tall peaked T wave
What ECG differences occur with Hypokalemia
flat T wave, presence of U wave
Where is calcium mostly stored in the body?
bone (99%)
What is the normal serum Calcium
8.5-11 mg/DL
What is the role of Vitamin D with Calcium
allows for absorption to occur
30-35% ingested Ca absorbed
occurs in duodenum
rate is linked to calcium demand
What is the role of Parathyroid Hormone in Calcium
increases blood calcium, secreted by parathyroid gland
What are the causes of Hypocalcemia?
Hypoparathyroidism - PTH deficiency, can’t mobilize calcium from the bone
Renal failure - excessive loss from he kidney
Vitamin D deficiency
What are the causes of Hypercalcemia
Hyperparathyroidism
Excessive Vitamin D activation
Increase bone absorption
Long period of immobilization
What are the ratios for CO2 transport?
Dissolved in Plasma = 10%
As Bicarbonate = 70%
Hemoglobin = 20%
What lab tests are done for measuring CO2 levels
Add strong acid to blood and measure CO2
Anion Gap
Arterial blood gasses
What is the Anion Gap
Sodium - Chlorine + Bicarbonate
high gap = more acidic than normal
low gap = not acidic enough
What is the difference in Metabolic vs Respiratory
Metabolic:
-Acidosis = lower pH lower Bicarbonate
-Alkalosis = higher pH higher Bicarbonate
Respiratory:
-Acidosis: lower pH lower ventilation higher pCO2
-Alkalosis = higher pH higher ventilation lower pCO2
When does renal compensation occur
respiratory acidosis (absorption of bicarbonate)
