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BIO-361: Pathobiology > Exam 4 (FINAL EXAM) > Flashcards

Exam 4 (FINAL EXAM) Flashcards

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1
Q

Water intoxication is caused by loss of ____ ions?

A

Sodium

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2
Q

Do high levels of blood CO2 increase or decrease blood pH?

A

Decrease

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3
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a combination of disease processes. What two disease processes have been identified as being part of COPD?

A

Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema

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4
Q

What protein accumulates in the neurons of people with Parkinson’s leading to neuronal toxicity?

A

Alpha-Synuclein

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5
Q

What is the growth process for a WBC in Hematopoiesis?

A

Formed from Hematopoietic Stem Cells that differentiated into committed Progenitor Cells

These then turn into Myelocytic and Lymphocytic lineages to form WBC

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6
Q

What is the growth factor for an RBC in Hematopoiesis?

A

Erythropoietin

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7
Q

What growth factors are present in reproducing WBCs?

A

Cytokines
Colony Stimulating Factor

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8
Q

What is the role of the Epstein-Barr virus in the development of cancer?

A

This infection is able to reprogram and hijack B cells to become cancerous, increasing the risk of developing cancer

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9
Q

What is Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, its cause, mechanism, and treatment?

A

Lymphoma originates at extranodal sites and spreads to anatomically continuous nodes
-Reed-Sternberg cells are NOT present

Treated through radiation (large tumors), combination chemo, and stem cell transplant

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10
Q

What cell is involved in Burkitt Lymphoma

A

Germinal Center B Cells

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11
Q

What is the difference between indolent/slow-growing lymphomas and aggressive/fast-growing?

A

SLOW: usually painless lymph node swelling, bone marrow involvement frequent, 5-10 years w/o treatment

FAST: fever, drenching night sweats, or weight loss, increased susceptibility to infections, sensitive to radiation and chemo

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12
Q

What are the differences in stages for lymphoma

A
  1. only 1 lymph node area or organ (e.g. tonsils)
  2. in 2 or more groups on the same side of the diaphragm
  3. in lymph nodes on both sides of diaphragm
  4. spread widely into at least one organ outside the lymph system (e.g. bone marrow, lung, liver)
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13
Q

How is Hodgkin Disease diasgnosed?

A

presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in a biopsy specimen of lymph node tissue

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14
Q

What is Leukemia

A

Malignant neoplasms arising from the transformation of a single blood cell line derived from hematopoietic stem cells

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15
Q

What are characteristics of Leukemic cells

A

immature, poorly differentiated
proliferate rapidly and long life span
interfere with maturation of normal blood cells
cross blood-brain barrier
infiltrate many body organs

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16
Q

How is Leukemia treated?

A

induction therapy (induce remission)
intensification therapy (reduce # of leukemic cells after remission
Maintenance therapy (maintain remission)
Bone marrow transplant

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17
Q

What are Blast Cells and what is a Blast Crisis?

A

young blood cells produced by stem cells, can interfere with the production of RBC, WBC, and platelets

Blast Crisis = 30% of cells in bone marrow are blast cells

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18
Q

What is the composition of the ECF vs the ICF

A

ECF:
-plasma high protein
-high sodium
-hi chloride
-low potassium

ICF:
-low sodium and chloride
-high potassium
-proteins
-HPO4

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19
Q

What is the change in cell volume in an isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic solution

A

Isotonic = normal
Hypotonic = cell swelling
Hypertonic = cell shriveling

20
Q

What is Osmotic Pressure?

A

pressure needed to oppose water movement (mmHg)

21
Q

What hormone helps retain water

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-controls water reabsorption by kidneys
-release ECF volume and osmolarity

22
Q

What are the manifestations of Diabetes Insipidus

A

-deficiency of ADH
-decreased renal response to ADH
-excessive thirst
-tasteless urine

23
Q

What does Tissue Turgor show

A

isotonic fluid deficit

24
Q

How does isotonic fluid excess affect the ECF fluid volume vs loss

A

Excess = expansion of fluids in interstitial and vascular compartments of ECF

Loss = contraction of fluids

25
Q

What is the normal Serum Sodium levels

A

135-145 mEq/L

26
Q

Is sodium found more in ECF or ICF

A

ECF

27
Q

What is the difference between Hypernatremia and Hyponatremia

A

Hypernatremia = higher serum sodium, dehydration, thirst, decreased urine output, dry mucus membranes, fluid moves from ICF to ECF

Hyponatremia = lower serum sodium, muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue, nausea, vomiting, water intoxication

28
Q

What helps determine water and sodium balance

A

stretch receptors
-thirst
-ADH

29
Q

What is Water Intoxication and treatment?

A

excessive water

limit water intake

30
Q

What is normal Potassium in serum

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

31
Q

Is Potassium found in ECF or ICF

A

ICF

32
Q

How does Hyperkalemia affect action potential

A

equilibrium potential less negative than normal

slows the heart, less concentration gradient across cell membrane

33
Q

What ECG differences occur with Hyperkalemia

A

shortened QRS and tall peaked T wave

34
Q

What ECG differences occur with Hypokalemia

A

flat T wave, presence of U wave

35
Q

Where is calcium mostly stored in the body?

A

bone (99%)

36
Q

What is the normal serum Calcium

A

8.5-11 mg/DL

37
Q

What is the role of Vitamin D with Calcium

A

allows for absorption to occur

30-35% ingested Ca absorbed
occurs in duodenum
rate is linked to calcium demand

38
Q

What is the role of Parathyroid Hormone in Calcium

A

increases blood calcium, secreted by parathyroid gland

39
Q

What are the causes of Hypocalcemia?

A

Hypoparathyroidism - PTH deficiency, can’t mobilize calcium from the bone

Renal failure - excessive loss from he kidney

Vitamin D deficiency

40
Q

What are the causes of Hypercalcemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism

Excessive Vitamin D activation

Increase bone absorption

Long period of immobilization

41
Q

What are the ratios for CO2 transport?

A

Dissolved in Plasma = 10%
As Bicarbonate = 70%
Hemoglobin = 20%

42
Q

What lab tests are done for measuring CO2 levels

A

Add strong acid to blood and measure CO2
Anion Gap
Arterial blood gasses

43
Q

What is the Anion Gap

A

Sodium - Chlorine + Bicarbonate

high gap = more acidic than normal
low gap = not acidic enough

44
Q

What is the difference in Metabolic vs Respiratory

A

Metabolic:
-Acidosis = lower pH lower Bicarbonate
-Alkalosis = higher pH higher Bicarbonate

Respiratory:
-Acidosis: lower pH lower ventilation higher pCO2
-Alkalosis = higher pH higher ventilation lower pCO2

45
Q

When does renal compensation occur

A

respiratory acidosis (absorption of bicarbonate)

BIO-361: Pathobiology (4 decks)

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