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BIO-361: Pathobiology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Autoimmunity?

A

Breakdown of tolerance
-Body recognizes self-antigens as foreign (usually these are not normally seen by the immune system)

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2
Q

What is Lupus?

A

Chronic multi-system inflammatory disease

Autoantibodies against nuclei acids, erythrocytes, phospholipids, platelets…

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3
Q

What are symptoms or findings of Lupus?

A

Arthritis (90%)
Vasculitis and Rash (70-80%)
Renal Disease (40-50%)
Hematologist changes (50%)
Cardiovascular Disease (30-50%)

Malar rash (butterfly)
Photosensitivity
Oral or Nasopharyngeal ulcers

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4
Q

How many findings must be present for Lupus to be indicated?

A

At least 4

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5
Q

How is Lupus treated?

A

Immunosuppressants

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6
Q

What is Alloimmunity and an example?

A

Immune system reacts with antigens on the tissue of other genetically dissimilar members of the same species

Rh incompatibility - hemolytic disease of newborn
Blood transfusion reactions - ABO blood groups

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7
Q

What is DiGeorge Syndrome?

A

Partial or complete absence of T cell immunity

Small part of Chromosome 22 is missing (22q11.2 deletion)

Don’t develop a thymus, thyroid, or parathyroid

Facial Anomalies: wide-set eyes; low-set ears; shorted structure of upper lip

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8
Q

What are examples of diseases associated with loss of T cells?

A

DiGeorge Syndrome

Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

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9
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, or across the placenta

Most common through equal intercourse, contaminated blood products, and contaminated needles

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10
Q

How does HIV infect?

A

Virus invades Helper T-Cells, Macrophages, and Dendritic cells by “tricking” them to internalize viruses by receptor mediated endocytosis

Reverse transcriptase (retrovirus) uses viral RNA as a template esto synthesize DNA, where this new DNA can be inserted into cost cell DNA and remain dormant for months to years

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11
Q

What is Stage 1 of HIV?

A

Acute

Minor symptoms such as swollen lymph nodes

T-cell concentration is beginning to decrease slowly while HIV concentration begins to rise

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12
Q

What is Stage 2 of HIV?

A

Chronic

Loss of immune function; more apparent with the appearance of characteristic diseases such as yeast infections

T cell concentration begins to go very low and HIV concentration continues to soar

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13
Q

How is HIV transitioned to AIDS?

A

Normal T cell count in AIDS is <200 cell/uL

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14
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of AIDS?

A

Early: flulike chills, fever

Night sweats, fatigue, headache, extreme weight loss, lymphadenitis

Thrush: white patches on mucosal membranes

Kaposi Sarcoma: cancer originates in epithelial cells of blood vessels and causes purple lesions on skin

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15
Q

What is a Prion?

A

A rare infectious protein (PrP) that causes proteins to misfold and accumulate

Accumulation prevents nerve-nerve signaling - brain lesions/plaques

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16
Q

What is a Crutzfeldt - Jacob Prion Disease?

A

Crutzfeldt - Jacob Prion Disease

Progresses rapidly
4-5 month survival (for individuals around 68 years old)
Dementia, difficulty moving, personality changes, hallucinations
Fatal neurodegeneration

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17
Q

How are Prion Diseases diagnosed?

A

MRI
Spinal Tap
Brain Biopsy (after death)

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18
Q

What is a Virus?

A

Protein coat surrounding a nuclei acid core of DNA or RNA

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19
Q

What are properties of Viruses?

A

Incapable of replication outside of a living cell
Can modify host immune system
Can cause the cells to become cancerous

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20
Q

What is Epstein Barr Virus?

A

Replicates salivary glands

Leads to infectious mononucleosis (mono)

Can lead to nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Burkitt’s Lymphoma (infect B cells, killing them)

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21
Q

What is Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Organisms combine the characteristics of viral and bacterial agents to produce disease in humans

From tick bite

Are obligate intracelular pathogens like the viruses
Produce rigid peptidoglycan cell wall
Reproduce asexually by cellular division
Contain RNA and DNA similar to the bacteria

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22
Q

What are symptoms of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and how is it treated?

A

High fever
Chills
Severe headache
Distinctive rash (not itchy)

Treated with doxycycline

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23
Q

What are the infectious disease modes of transmission?

A

Penetration - disruption of the bodies surface barrier

Direct Contact - infected tissue or secretions to intact mucus membranes

Ingestion - entry through oral cavity and GI tract

Inhalation - respiratory tract

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24
Q

What are some virulence factors?

A

Toxins - bacteria, fungi, Protozoa (exotoxins and endotoxins)

Adhesion Factors - fimbriae or pili (hairlike projections) and hemagglutinin (cause RBCs to clump together)

Evasive Factors - slime, mucus layers

Invasive Factors - enzymes, destroy cell membranes

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25
Q

What is the difference between Exotoxins and Endotoxins?

A

Exotoxin - released during bacterial growth; can cause paralysis, vomiting/diarrhea and muscle spasm

Endotoxin - lipopolysaccharides (LPS) cell wall of gram negative bacteria

26
Q

What is Tetanus?

A

Disease where spores of the Clostridium tetani bacteria may produce a powerful toxin called tétanoslas in, which enters through wounds in the flesh

Actively impairs motor neurons (nerves that control your muscles)

27
Q

What are the 3 common sources for Tetanus?

A

Found in soil, dust, and animal feces

28
Q

What are symptoms of Tetanus?

A

Spasms and stiffness in jaw muscles
Stiffness in neck muscles
Difficulty swallowing
Stiffness in abdominal muscles
Painful body spasms triggered by minor occurrences
Fever
Sweating
Elevated blood pressure
Rapid heart rate

29
Q

What is the treatment for Tetanus?

A

No cure

Can only be prevented with vaccination (booster shot required within 10 years)

Antitoxin therapy, sedatives, antibiotics

30
Q

What are the 3 common sources for Clostridum Botulism?

A

Infant - bacterial spores grow in a baby’s intestinal tract (e.g. eating honey)

Food Borne - bacteria thrive and produce the toxin in environments with little oxygen (e.g., canned foods)

Wound - bacteria get into a cut or wound

31
Q

What are symptoms of Botulism?

A

Begin 12-36 hours after infection

Difficulty swallowing or speaking
Dry mouth
Facial weakness on both sides of the face
Blurred or double vision
Drooping eyelids
Trouble breathing
Nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps
Paralysis - must be placed on ventilator

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action for the Botulism toxin?

A

Prevents neurotransmitter release from neurons

Cleaves snare proteins, which prevents AcH from being released from the nerves

Flaccid Paralysis

33
Q

What are treatments of Botulism?

A

Clear out digestive tract
Clean out wound
Antitoxin - try to clear out toxin being produced by the bacteria
Respiratory - to support breathing

34
Q

What are some diagnostic tools for bacterial and viral infection?

A

Culture
PCR and DNA sequencing - DNA/RNA
Serology
Evidence of pathogen from the infected sites of a diseased host
Documentation of clinical signs and symptoms

35
Q

What are the two mechanisms of antibiotic action?

A

BACTERICIDAL: causes irreversible and lethal damage to the bacterial pathogen (kills)

BACTERIOSTATIC: inhibitory effects on bacterial growth are reversed when the agent is eliminated (inhibits) - important to take full course of antibiotics

36
Q

What is a Yeast Infection?

A

Candida - part of normal flora, but can cause infection when grows out of control (oral thrush) - most at risk for immune compromised

Candida auris - resistant to several treatments, difficult to identify and a risk for health care facilities

37
Q

What is Aspergillus Granulomas infection?

A

Fungal pneumonia with fungal overgrowth in the lung

Illness or immune suppression - genetic mutation in CYBB gene (x-linked)

Aggregation of macrophage attempting to isolate and clear infection

Develop lung infection following inhalation of decaying plant material (mulch, leaves)

38
Q

What are symptoms of Aspergillus Granulomas and how is it diagnosed?

A

Fever
Cough
Chest and joint pain
Headache
Skin lesions

Diagnosed through x-ray or CT

39
Q

How is Aspergillus treated?

A

Voriconazole - inhibits cell membrane synthesis of ergosterol in fungi via inhibition of cytochrome p450

40
Q

What is Lymphatic Fiilariasis?

A

Adult filarías worms nest the lymphatic vessels after being acquired via a mosquito bite in childhood (which can live for 6 - 8 years)

Produce millions of microfilariae (immature oarvase) that circulate in the blood

41
Q

What are symptoms of Elephantitis?

A

Infection is asymptomatic

Tissue swelling
Skin thickening
Stigma and decline in mental health

42
Q

How is Elephantitis treated and prevented?

A

Treated through DEC, which is no longer approved by FDA, must get from CDC

Prevented through sleeping under a mosquito net, wearing long sleeves and pants, mosquito repellent

43
Q

What are the stages of disease progression in Elephantitis?

A

Stage 1 - Edema
Stage 2 - Thickening of skin
Stage 3 - Continued thickening and enlargement
Stage 4 - Dry and scales skin

44
Q

What are Category A Bioterroism Agents?

A

Most Dangerous
Highest risk to national security
Easily spread or transmitted
Results in high death rates
Major public health impact

EX: plagie, smallpox

45
Q

What are Category B Bioterroism Agents?

A

Second highest priority
Food-borne or water-borne diseases
Moderately easy to desciméntate
Moderate morbidity rates and low mortality rates

46
Q

What are Category C Bioterroism Agents?

A

Third highest priority
Availability
Ease of production and dissemination
Potential for high morbidity and mortality rates and major health impact

EX: TB, Covid-19

47
Q

What is the difference between Benign and Malignant cancer?

A

Benign: slow, progressive growth; expansive manner of growth; inability to metastasize to distant sites; composed of cells that resemble the tissue of origin

Malignant: rapid growth; potential to kill regardless of original location; compress blood vessels and grow own blood supply; rob normal tissues of essential nutrients

48
Q

What is Metastasis and its mechanisms?

A

Direct invasion and extension

Seeding of cancer cells in body cavities

Metastatic spread through the blood or lymph pathways

49
Q

What is the purpose of P53?

A

Initiate DNA repair mechanisms
Keep cells in the G1/S phase of the cell cycle (to allow for time to initiate DNA repair)
Initiate apoptosis of cells with DNA damage
Prevent cells with shortened telomeres from dividing

50
Q

What is the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell?

A

INITIATION - cells exposed to carcinogenic agents making them susceptible to malignant transformation (DNA damage)

PROMOTION - unregulated accelerated growth in already initiated cells caused by various chemicals and growth factors (oncogenesis)

PROGRESSION - invasiveness, metastatic competence,

51
Q

What are the ABCDEs of detecting Melanoma?

A

ASYMMETRICAL
BORDER
COLOR
DIAMETER
EVOLVING

52
Q

What are risk factors of Melanoma?

A

UV light exposure
History of sunburn
Fair skin
Many moles/unusual moles
Family history
Weakened immune system

53
Q

How can Melanoma be prevented?

A

Wear sunscreen year round (SPF 30m every 2 hours)
Wear protective clothing
Avoid mid day sun exposure
Avoid tanning beds, UV lamps
Pay attention to skin to notice changes

54
Q

How is Melanoma diagnosed?

A

Physical exam
Bunch or excision biopsy
Determine the thickness
Check for spread to local area lymph node
CT to ID metastasis to lung and liver

55
Q

How is Melanoma treated?

A

Surgery to remove affected lymph nodes
Immunotherapy
Targeted therapy
Radiation
Chemotherapy

56
Q

What is a Teratoma?

A

Tumor of reproductive cells and stem cells that occurs in the ovaries or testicles (“MONSTER”)

Benign is most common

Most common in women

57
Q

What are characteristics of a Teratoma?

A

Mature tissues develop:
Hair
Skin
Teeth
Sebaceous glands
Bone
Cartilage

58
Q

How is a Teratoma treated?

A

Removal of benign cyst

59
Q

What are cancer treatment modes?

A

Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy

Hormonal therapy
Targeted therapy
Biotherapy

60
Q

What are some possible long term effects of chemotherapy?

A

Hypogonadism, infertility, and early menopause

61
Q

What proteins are impacted by Botulism toxin?

A

Snare proteins

62
Q

What are 3 bacterial functions/structures that antibiotics target?

A

Interference with a specific step in bacterial wall synthesis

Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis

Interruption of bacterial nuclei acid synesthesia

Interference with normal bacterial metabolism

BIO-361: Pathobiology (4 decks)

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