Exam 4 content (new stuff) Flashcards

Question

Criticisms of the DSM-5

Answer 1

Reinforces disease model the idea that you have an illness/something wrong with you Everyday problems viewed as mental problems normal problems are pathologized grief can be seen as depression but that’s not accurate Overly responsive to political issues listens too much when people complain to add/remove something instead of using data to make these decisions Power of the label stop seeing someone as a person and instead just a collection of symptoms Rosenhan study

Answer 2

Major depression Seasonal Affective Disorder Bipolar disorder Suicide

Answer 3

Depressed mood- persistently sad Loss of interest, energy, motivation, nothing makes you happy Disturbances in sleep, eating, weight, concentration usually can’t fall or stay asleep, atypical but can happen where you sleep way too much food doesn’t bring any pleasure, no energy to make food, loss of appetite (usually weight loss) Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, hopelessness, death and suicide Moving/talking way slower than usual or being very agitated and can’t sit still

Answer 4

Incidence rate - 12.7% men, 21.3% women 60% - 70% will have a recurrence more risk of recurrence if you’re a woman, it started in your teens, and/or it runs in your family 65% never receive treatment some don’t realize they’re having an episode of depression, can’t afford it, don’t believe in therapy/think they’re weak, stigma 15% commit suicide

Answer 5

Characterized by periods of mania alternating with depression

Answer 6

Same prevalence

Answer 7

More than 49,000 completions

Answer 8

Women make more attempts (2x-3x more), men have more completions 70% of individuals who attempt suicide have drank before they tried men use guns way more (hence they have more completions) having a gun in the home triples the risk of suicide (way more people kill themselves than kill others with guns) Older men (65+) have the highest rates but has declined over the last 100 years (didn’t want to be a burden on their families but now stuff like medicare exists)

Answer 9

Elevated, Expansive, or Irritable mood Hyperactivity, Decreased need for sleep, Grandiosity (grand ideas and inflated sense of self) Racing thoughts, Pressured speech, Reckless behavior often spending lots of money, driving recklessly, getting in fights, overactive sexual behavior

Answer 10

Social drift hypothesis (social selection) when you develop a serious psych disorder (like schizophrenia) regardless of your social class you will drift to the bottom of the social ladder because you cannot carry on with a normal life Stress and social class life is more stressful when you do not have as many economic resources (food and housing insecurity) Social class and diagnostic labeling subtle biases when clinicians evaluate people- they think about social class and tend to give someone from a higher economic class a less negative diagnosis if they have schizophrenic symptoms and will diagnose as bipolar lower socioeconomic status more likely to get the schizophrenia diagnosis

Answer 11

Split between someone's thoughts, feelings, and actions Positive symptoms - hallucinations, delusions, incoherent speech auditory hallucinations most common, but visual can exist delusions: religious (god is talking to you), feeling like you have special powers (grandiosity), the government is after you (persecutory) speech: mixing up words, unusual words, speak in rhymes Negative symptoms - loss of interest, flattened affect, poverty of speech, social withdrawal loss of speech and loss of interest no emotional reactions and look blank all the time problems with attention, memory, executive function

Answer 12

Abnormalities in brain function and structure hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus all different than normal schizophrenics have more activity in the back of the brain, non-schizophrenics have more activity in front of the brain Genetics runs in families, much more common if a parent or grandparent has schizophrenia Prenatal complications: exposure to the flu in second trimester Father’s age: older dads more likely to pass on genetic mutations with schizophrenia

Answer 13

in subcortical structures there are excess levels of dopamine in the midbrain (leads to positive symptoms) and there are lower levels of dopamine in the prefrontal cortex that are associated with the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

Answer 14

Generalized anxiety disorder Panic disorder PTSD Phobic disorder Agoraphobia OCD

Answer 15

persistent, free floating anxiety about lots of different things tense, tired, difficulty concentrating and sleeping, inability to sit still runs in families- heritability coefficient variability smaller than for depression tho more common in women

Answer 16

Frequent, short lasting panic attacks where the patient feels like they are going to die

Answer 17

Biological explanations Right sided increases in limbic system Genetic Cognitive - misattribution of bodily sensations educate people that it’s normal for your heart rate and breathing to go up and down

Answer 18

Appear in 4 symptom clusters: intrusion, avoidance, negative alterations in cognitions and mood, alterations in arousal and reactivity intrusion: intrusive thoughts that don’t stop (or dreams) avoidance: avoids thinking about the event, going near the location of the trauma decreases in mood increases in reactivity where little things can set you off

Answer 19

greater resting levels of physiological hyperreactivity predisposes people to PTSD disturbances in sympathetic nervous system (overactivated) so more likely to develop PTSD after an event decreases in hippocampus volume makes you more prone to PTSD after trauma the more extreme the trauma, the higher likelihood of PTSD higher levels of education = less risk of PTSD (protective factor) being an optimist and social support lowers risk of PTSD more common in women

Answer 20

Evolutionary explanation some of these stimuli were dangerous to ancestors (snakes and spiders) which helped them stay away from them and survive Psychodynamic - displaced anxiety people displace anxiety on to a safer target a boy had a fear of horses but freud thought he was actually scared of his dad, transferred his anxiety to a safer target Behavioral - learned watching someone else act fearfully to a stimulus so we learn to be afraid of that same stimulus classical conditioning: exposed to something like a snake around the same time you had a trauma so you associate the snake with something bad and develop a phobia Cognitive exaggerated beliefs about harm- thinking a spider is much more dangerous than they actually are

Answer 21

embarrassing themselves in public is the fear 12% of the population increases in right side activation is a potential cause

Answer 22

associated with panic attacks people are scared to go out into public because they are worried they’ll have a panic attack and not be able to escape in extreme cases they become prisoners in their own home

Answer 23

Obsessions - thoughts Compulsions - behavior

Answer 24

Behavior Therapies Systematic desensitization - Joseph Wolpe Social learning Flooding Anti anxiety drugs (benzos)

Answer 25

a version of exposure therapy used to help people address various mental health concerns, often related to anxiety. In this treatment, the client works with a therapist to learn relaxation techniques and plan a methodical series of exposures to anxiety-provoking stimuli. after enough exposure, the anxiety goes away

Answer 26

Watching others deal with your anxiety inducing stimuli helps you learn theres nothing to be afraid of

Answer 27

Exposing the patient to the anxiety inducing stimuli and not letting them escape so eventually their panic response will wear off and they wont be afraid anymore

Answer 28

a form of treatment in which a trained professional employs psychological techniques to help persons in need

Answer 29

helping the individual gain an understanding of the causes of their distress and why they’re acting the way they are

Answer 30

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning help them change their behavior

Answer 31

using more than one approach cognitive, behavioral, etc a mix of multiple types

Answer 32

goal is insight and catharsis through free association, resistance, and transference

Answer 33

talk about random stuff until they stumble onto the thing their unconscious has been hiding from them so they feel better

Answer 34

denied or disagreed with the therapist's suggestions/interpretations or changed the topic when they got to something psychologically dangerous. Therapist pinpoints this topic as the cause of their issues

Answer 35

when patients would transfer feelings they felt toward someone in their own life to the therapist- therapist got clues as to what’s going on

Answer 36

Counterconditioning fed the kid graham crackers to make him relaxed and brought a rabbit (his fear) closer and closer until he wasn’t afraid anymore Systematic desensitization - Joseph Wolpe gradually expose to more intense stimuli of their phobia when they’re in a calm state until they get over it Aversion therapy condition a fear response for an event that used to bring pleasure meds that cause someone to puke everytime they drink (helps alcoholics stop)

Answer 37

Token economies in psych institutions, give tokens for good social behavior that the patients can turn in for a prize Punishment Flooding/Exposure overwhelm the person with their feared object and don’t let them escape- eventually their fear response will stop and they’ll get over their fear

Answer 38

Person-centered therapies Therapist is more engaged in the therapeutic relationship Empathy Unconditional positive regard respectful to the patient regardless of if they did something good or bad so they trust u more Active listening and genuineness (congruence) repeating what the patient said, asking questions, etc

Answer 39

Rational Emotive Therapy - Albert Ellis Activating Event Beliefs Consequences Challenges unhelpful thoughts to avoid negative emotions and behaviors

Answer 40

Beck’s Cognitive Triad you develop negative views about the past, present, and future that makes you even more depressed His cognitive therapy focused on how thought processes lead to negative behaviors and how people can change these thoughts to get out of a depressive episode

Answer 41

Psychological disorders are caused by distorted thoughts Change the thoughts and cure the disorder cognitive therapy better for depression, behavior therapy better for anxiety/phobia type things

Answer 42

breaks down serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine and keeps them in the synapse for a longer period of time many side effects, first drug

Answer 43

block the reuptake of norepinephrine (and a little bit serotonin) side effects include dry mouth, hypotension, weight gain

Answer 44

prozac was the first one block the reuptake of serotonin basically the same as tricyclics but has way less side effects so became the most popular option

Answer 45

blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine Works slightly better than SSRI but way more side effects

Answer 46

balances depression and manic episodes of bipolar disorder Easy to overdose on lithium

Answer 47

small electric shocks to help with depression that induces seizures used on severely depressed when meds dont work need to be under general anesthetic more side effects like headaches

Answer 48

magnets over the skull to increase or decrease brain activity in depressed people not as effective as ECT but fewer side effects

Answer 49

For schizophrenia Long time use leads to parkinson-like symptoms and tardive dyskinesia only help with positive symptoms not negative ones

Answer 50

Benzos like xanax Long time use is addictive and going off of them can bring intense anxiety

Answer 51

used to be lobotomies now we sometimes cut out small sections of the brain to treat OCD if other medications didn’t work

Answer 52

Short answer yes- greater and quicker improvement

Answer 53

clash between our behavior and our beliefs: you say you’re watching your weight but eat a big ass piece of cake later that day since you can’t change an action you’ve already done, you change your beliefs instead

Answer 54

we are motivated towards consistency. want to keep thinking/doing the same stuff

Answer 55

look to our own actions to explain our beliefs

Answer 56

Consensus- what are others doing low consensus = internal attribution (nobody else is demonstrating the behavior one person is, judge them internally) high consensus = external attribution (lots of people demonstrating the behavior, judge the situation not the person, externally) Consistency- is it happening all the time or a one off event highly consistent (time and time again)= internal or external low in consistency (rarely happens) = external attribute Distinctiveness- where is it happening high distinctive (only occurs in 1 situation)= external attribution (must be the situation) low distinctive (occurs all the time)= internal attribution (must be the person)

Answer 57

We rarely blame ourselves when things go wrong but are quick to pat ourselves on the back when things go well for us success at work = duh because i'm smart and successful failure at work = wifi was bad, they weren’t paying attention enough, not me

Answer 58

we tend to attribute other people’s behaviors to their personality and ignore outside factors that could cause them to act like that Jones & Harris - speech for or against Castro

Answer 59

Primacy effect - Solomon Asch Hearing negative adjectives at the beginning of a list describing someone makes them rank lower. due to primacy effect people remember the first couple adjectives in the list Schemas mental representations of the world to organize information we’re building schemas of these people as we learn about them. how do we fit negative adjectives into a schema that only had positive adjectives before? Confirmation bias if you think someone is nice you overlook bad stuff and if you think someone is mean you overlook good stuff

Answer 60

tendency for people to bring their behavior in line with group norms can be good (everybody waiting in line) can be bad (conforming to become violent after a sports game

Answer 61

a person’s modification of behavior in response to a direct command from an authority figure

Answer 62

a person’s modification of behavior in response to a request by another person someone who doesn’t have power over us makes a request- best buy employee encourages you to buy a slightly more expensive computer

Answer 63

What percentage of individuals would agree to administer 450 Volt electric shocks to other subjects? 65% “teacher” gives electric shocks to a learner everytime they get a question wrong. ⅔ of people shocked the learner with fatal volts because they were obedient to the study. showed obedience because the scientist was in a lab coat and showed authority so people were more likely to obey

Answer 64

occurs when you help out a stranger and they have no way to ever help you back

Answer 65

We help other people because we expect these other people to help us. ex: waze users as they report cops or accidents

Answer 66

we help people who are related to us evolutionary thought is that you want to preserve your genetic material

Answer 67

believing somebody else will help if there are a lot of people around, individual responsibility goes down because you’re among so many others Kitty Genovese

Answer 68

passionate love/honeymoon phase cannot maintain romantic passion forever- changes into companionate love or you move on

Answer 69

you love the person but it’s not as passionate because you’ve been with someone forever

Answer 70

Arousal Proximity Reciprocal liking Attractiveness Similarity to us

Answer 71

in the presence of others, you have improved performance on simple tasks/ones you’re good at and worsened performance on difficult tasks You will have worse performances in small/informal groups on a task you are good at as well, hence athletes play better in the actual game than in practice

Answer 72

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts to a common goal versus when they are individually accountable

Answer 73

the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

Answer 74

the enhancements of a group’s previous thoughts and opinions through discussion with the group

Answer 75

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Answer 76

generalized (but sometimes accurate) belief about a group of people

Answer 77

unjustifiable and usually negative attitude toward a group that involves negative emotions, stereotyped beliefs, and a predisposition to discriminatory action

Answer 78

unjustifiable behavior towards a group