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Psych 202 final > Exam 1 content > Flashcards

Exam 1 content Flashcards

1
Q

Representative sample

A

Usually a random sample where everyone in the population has an equal chance of being chosen

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2
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied
Random sample may be drawn

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3
Q

Random sampling

A

Sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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4
Q

Random assignment

A

Randomly assigning people to the experimental or control group to minimize pre-existing differences in them

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5
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is changing
Lots of times it is the drug being tested

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6
Q

Dependent variable

A

What the scientists are studying
How does the independent variable affect this variable
Lots of times the growing or lessening of symptoms after administering the drug

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7
Q

Experiment

A

Research method where an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable)

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8
Q

Correlation

A

CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION
Measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, thus how well either factor predicts the other

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9
Q

Positive correlation

A

When both variables rise or fall together

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10
Q

Negative correlation

A

When one variable rises and the other falls (or vice versa)

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11
Q

Double blind procedure

A

Neither the participants nor the scientists know what group anybody is in
Usually used in drug tests for placebo or real drug

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12
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive info from other nerve sites
Branches
Dendritic arborization: each nerve cell is receiving signals from thousands of other nerve cells. Constant communication

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13
Q

Axon

A

The tail of the neuron
Sends info to other nerve cells

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14
Q

Cell body/soma

A

Main part of neuron
mitochondria here (energy)

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15
Q

Presynaptic terminals

A

releases chemicals to communicate

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16
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulation of the axon (not all cells are myelinated tho)
type of glial cell
speeds up communication

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17
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin on the axon

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18
Q

Synapse

A

The Junctions Between Neurons
Neurons DO NOT touch each other
The impulse must travel across the synapse

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19
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Gets released at the muscles to make them contract
Used in the brain for attention and memories
Alzheimer’s is the loss of functioning ACh

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20
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Arouses the body
Role in circadian rhythms

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21
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

Pleasure centers in the brain
Reward → something that feels good releases dopamine
Involved in motor behavior of the brain
Parkinsons is the death of dopamine producers (shaky, expressionless facials, etc)

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22
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Involved in mood
Depression = lack of serotonin
Helps with dreaming and eating behavior

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23
Q

Gaba

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Slows down activity
Alcohol is a GABA agonist (depresses the system)

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24
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory transmitter
Excites activity

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25
Endorphins
Natural opiates Suppresses feelings of pain Runners high- associated with pleasure Heroin, fentanyl are artificial endorphins
26
Agonists
Molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action can block reuptake process so the neurotransmitters stay in the synapse for longer (antidepressants make serotonin stay in the synapse for longer, called SSRIs) heroin mimics naturally occurring opiates in the brain, increases activity in the opioid circuit so you feel painless and happier for longer doing these drugs too much makes your body stop naturally making opiates so you’ll be super addicted
27
Antagonists
decrease activity blocks receptor site so it doesn’t bond causing synaptic vessels to leak neurotransmitter in the presynaptic neuron Botulin is an antagonist found in rotten food that blocks Ach release and leads to paralysis
28
Action potential
Cell membrane becomes temporarily permeable - (Na+ ions rush in) Brief change in the electrical charge The cell is depolarized (inside becomes positively charged) Action potential is regenerated down the length of the axon chills for a while until you can recreate the action potential and repeat the process again The cell quickly restores itself
29
All or none principle
a neuron either sends a signal with full force at all times or not at all. no in between
30
Role of myelin
speeds up the signal down the axon/speeds up the action potential long distances (brain → toe) have myelin because we want an immediate signal even though the neuron path is super long
31
Role of nodes of Ranvier
little gaps in between the myelin on the axon on myelinated cells, the action potentials regenerate and jump from node to node and don’t actually touch the myelin saltatory conduction
32
Somatic nervous system
Part of the PNS that controls the skeletal muscles (sensory/afferent and motor/efferent neurons)
33
Autonomic nervous system
Part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs (heartbeat, digestion, breathing, releasing hormones) Sympathetic nervous system -activates Parasympathetic nervous system - calms
34
Glial cells
Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons Play a role in thinking, learning, memory Other half of the brain 10x as many as neurons Help hold neurons in place Support system for neurons
35
Structures of the hindbrain/reptilian brain
Medula Pons Cerebellum Directs survival functions like breathing, sleep, wakefulness, balance, and coordination
36
Cerebellum
Hindbrain’s little brain Processes sensory input Coordinates movement output and balance Enables nonverbal learning and memory
37
Pons
bulge of the brainstem connects the cerebellum to the brainstem involved in sleeping, awakeness, works with medulla to control heart rate and breathing
38
Medulla
Base of brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing
39
Reticular activating system
broad net of neurons alerting higher level brain structures that something is going on that requires motor skills Travels through brainstem into thalamus Filters information and plays a role in awakeness
40
Midbrain
Connects hindbrain and forebrain Controls some motor movement transmits auditory & visual info
41
Limbic system
called the emotional brain In forebrain Emotions and drives
42
Hypothalamus
controls the pituitary for growth/sex hormones eating thermoregulation 4 f’s: feeding fighting fleeing fucking
43
Amygdala
emotional arousal (particularly fear and disgust) aggression
44
Hippocampus
Explicit (conscious) memory neurogenesis Size and function decrease as we get older
45
Thalamus
Sensory control center Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex Transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla Gets information from all senses but smell
46
Basal ganglia
Motor control
47
Frontal lobe
Behind forehead Speaking Muscle movement Making plans judgment
48
Temporal lobe
Auditory speech and language in the left hemisphere Recognizes faces in right hemisphere
49
Parietal lobe
Sensory input for touch and body sensations
50
Occipital lobe
Information from visual fields
51
Cortex
large wrinkled structure on outside of the brain wrinkles increases surface area of brain tissue without making our heads super big, folds make our heads a normal size
52
Left hemisphere
Quick literal interpretations Logic Math problems
53
Right hemisphere
Making inferences Manipulating speech Self awareness
54
Corpus callosum
Large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres and carries messages between them
55
Circadian rhythm
Our biological clock Regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour clock Body temp goes up in the morning to wake us, peaks at day, dips in the afternoon (siesta time) and dips at night
56
NREM1
Divide between awake and asleep Awoken very easily Brain slows down 10 minutes Theta waves
57
NREM2
20 minutes per cycle, most time in this one Eye movements stop Less aware of surroundings Sleep spindles for memory consolidation
58
NREM3
Deep sleep Slow delta waves Very hard to wake Sleepwalking happens here Physical repairs on body Where your brain processes deeper information (like for a test)
59
REM
Where we dream Our bodies are paralyzed Lots of brain activity Fast and irregular breath
60
Cycles of sleep
NREM1 NREM2 NREM3 NREM2 REM
61
Why do we sleep
We retain memories when we sleep To stay alert throughout the day For the body to repair itself To strengthen our immune system
62
Freud's wish fulfillment
Dreams provide a “psychic safety valve” We can express unwanted or embarrassing feelings (usually sexual) with no consequences
63
Information processing
Dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate memories
64
Physiological function
Brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways
65
Activation synthesis
Rem sleep triggers neural activity which manifests itself into dreams (no real meaning) when real noises get incorporated into our dreams (a song, alarm, etc)
66
Cognitive development
Dreams simulate our lives Reflects our level of cognitive development
67
Manifest content
The stuff seen in the dream (a mom rides a train through a tunnel with her son)
68
Latent content
The hidden sexual meaning of the dream (the son wants to fuck his mom)

Psych 202 final (4 decks)

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