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Psych 202 final > Exam 1 content > Flashcards

Exam 1 content Flashcards

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1
Q

Representative sample

A

Usually a random sample where everyone in the population has an equal chance of being chosen

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2
Q

Population

A

All those in a group being studied
Random sample may be drawn

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3
Q

Random sampling

A

Sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

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4
Q

Random assignment

A

Randomly assigning people to the experimental or control group to minimize pre-existing differences in them

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5
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is changing
Lots of times it is the drug being tested

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6
Q

Dependent variable

A

What the scientists are studying
How does the independent variable affect this variable
Lots of times the growing or lessening of symptoms after administering the drug

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7
Q

Experiment

A

Research method where an investigator manipulates 1 or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable)

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8
Q

Correlation

A

CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION
Measure of the extent to which 2 factors vary together, thus how well either factor predicts the other

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9
Q

Positive correlation

A

When both variables rise or fall together

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10
Q

Negative correlation

A

When one variable rises and the other falls (or vice versa)

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11
Q

Double blind procedure

A

Neither the participants nor the scientists know what group anybody is in
Usually used in drug tests for placebo or real drug

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12
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive info from other nerve sites
Branches
Dendritic arborization: each nerve cell is receiving signals from thousands of other nerve cells. Constant communication

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13
Q

Axon

A

The tail of the neuron
Sends info to other nerve cells

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14
Q

Cell body/soma

A

Main part of neuron
mitochondria here (energy)

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15
Q

Presynaptic terminals

A

releases chemicals to communicate

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16
Q

Myelin sheath

A

insulation of the axon (not all cells are myelinated tho)
type of glial cell
speeds up communication

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17
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

gaps in the myelin on the axon

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18
Q

Synapse

A

The Junctions Between Neurons
Neurons DO NOT touch each other
The impulse must travel across the synapse

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19
Q

Acetylcholine (ACh)

A

Gets released at the muscles to make them contract
Used in the brain for attention and memories
Alzheimer’s is the loss of functioning ACh

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20
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

Arouses the body
Role in circadian rhythms

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21
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

Pleasure centers in the brain
Reward → something that feels good releases dopamine
Involved in motor behavior of the brain
Parkinsons is the death of dopamine producers (shaky, expressionless facials, etc)

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22
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

Involved in mood
Depression = lack of serotonin
Helps with dreaming and eating behavior

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23
Q

Gaba

A

Inhibitory neurotransmitter
Slows down activity
Alcohol is a GABA agonist (depresses the system)

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24
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory transmitter
Excites activity

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25
Q

Endorphins

A

Natural opiates
Suppresses feelings of pain
Runners high- associated with pleasure
Heroin, fentanyl are artificial endorphins

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26
Q

Agonists

A

Molecule that increases a neurotransmitter’s action
can block reuptake process so the neurotransmitters stay in the synapse for longer (antidepressants make serotonin stay in the synapse for longer, called SSRIs)
heroin mimics naturally occurring opiates in the brain, increases activity in the opioid circuit so you feel painless and happier for longer
doing these drugs too much makes your body stop naturally making opiates so you’ll be super addicted

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27
Q

Antagonists

A

decrease activity
blocks receptor site so it doesn’t bond
causing synaptic vessels to leak neurotransmitter in the presynaptic neuron
Botulin is an antagonist found in rotten food that blocks Ach release and leads to paralysis

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28
Q

Action potential

A

Cell membrane becomes temporarily permeable - (Na+ ions rush in)
Brief change in the electrical charge
The cell is depolarized (inside becomes positively charged)
Action potential is regenerated down the length of the axon
chills for a while until you can recreate the action potential and repeat the process again
The cell quickly restores itself

29
Q

All or none principle

A

a neuron either sends a signal with full force at all times or not at all. no in between

30
Q

Role of myelin

A

speeds up the signal down the axon/speeds up the action potential
long distances (brain → toe) have myelin because we want an immediate signal even though the neuron path is super long

31
Q

Role of nodes of Ranvier

A

little gaps in between the myelin on the axon
on myelinated cells, the action potentials regenerate and jump from node to node and don’t actually touch the myelin
saltatory conduction

32
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the PNS that controls the skeletal muscles
(sensory/afferent and motor/efferent neurons)

33
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the PNS that controls the glands and muscles of the internal organs
(heartbeat, digestion, breathing, releasing hormones)
Sympathetic nervous system -activates
Parasympathetic nervous system - calms

34
Q

Glial cells

A

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
Play a role in thinking, learning, memory
Other half of the brain
10x as many as neurons
Help hold neurons in place
Support system for neurons

35
Q

Structures of the hindbrain/reptilian brain

A

Medula
Pons
Cerebellum
Directs survival functions like breathing, sleep, wakefulness, balance, and coordination

36
Q

Cerebellum

A

Hindbrain’s little brain
Processes sensory input
Coordinates movement output and balance
Enables nonverbal learning and memory

37
Q

Pons

A

bulge of the brainstem
connects the cerebellum to the brainstem
involved in sleeping, awakeness, works with medulla to control heart rate and breathing

38
Q

Medulla

A

Base of brainstem that controls heartbeat and breathing

39
Q

Reticular activating system

A

broad net of neurons
alerting higher level brain structures that something is going on that requires motor skills
Travels through brainstem into thalamus
Filters information and plays a role in awakeness

40
Q

Midbrain

A

Connects hindbrain and forebrain
Controls some motor movement
transmits auditory & visual info

41
Q

Limbic system

A

called the emotional brain
In forebrain
Emotions and drives

42
Q

Hypothalamus

A

controls the pituitary for growth/sex hormones
eating
thermoregulation
4 f’s: feeding fighting fleeing fucking

43
Q

Amygdala

A

emotional arousal (particularly fear and disgust)
aggression

44
Q

Hippocampus

A

Explicit (conscious) memory
neurogenesis
Size and function decrease as we get older

45
Q

Thalamus

A

Sensory control center
Directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex
Transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla
Gets information from all senses but smell

46
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Motor control

47
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Behind forehead
Speaking
Muscle movement
Making plans
judgment

48
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Auditory
speech and language in the left hemisphere
Recognizes faces in right hemisphere

49
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Sensory input for touch and body sensations

50
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Information from visual fields

51
Q

Cortex

A

large wrinkled structure on outside of the brain
wrinkles increases surface area of brain tissue without making our heads super big, folds make our heads a normal size

52
Q

Left hemisphere

A

Quick literal interpretations
Logic
Math problems

53
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Making inferences
Manipulating speech
Self awareness

54
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Large band of neural fibers connecting the 2 brain hemispheres and carries messages between them

55
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Our biological clock
Regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24 hour clock
Body temp goes up in the morning to wake us, peaks at day, dips in the afternoon (siesta time) and dips at night

56
Q

NREM1

A

Divide between awake and asleep
Awoken very easily
Brain slows down
10 minutes
Theta waves

57
Q

NREM2

A

20 minutes per cycle, most time in this one
Eye movements stop
Less aware of surroundings
Sleep spindles for memory consolidation

58
Q

NREM3

A

Deep sleep
Slow delta waves
Very hard to wake
Sleepwalking happens here
Physical repairs on body
Where your brain processes deeper information (like for a test)

59
Q

REM

A

Where we dream
Our bodies are paralyzed
Lots of brain activity
Fast and irregular breath

60
Q

Cycles of sleep

A

NREM1
NREM2
NREM3
NREM2
REM

61
Q

Why do we sleep

A

We retain memories when we sleep
To stay alert throughout the day
For the body to repair itself
To strengthen our immune system

62
Q

Freud’s wish fulfillment

A

Dreams provide a “psychic safety valve”
We can express unwanted or embarrassing feelings (usually sexual) with no consequences

63
Q

Information processing

A

Dreams help us sort out the days events and consolidate memories

64
Q

Physiological function

A

Brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways

65
Q

Activation synthesis

A

Rem sleep triggers neural activity which manifests itself into dreams (no real meaning)
when real noises get incorporated into our dreams (a song, alarm, etc)

66
Q

Cognitive development

A

Dreams simulate our lives
Reflects our level of cognitive development

67
Q

Manifest content

A

The stuff seen in the dream (a mom rides a train through a tunnel with her son)

68
Q

Latent content

A

The hidden sexual meaning of the dream (the son wants to fuck his mom)

Psych 202 final (4 decks)

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