Exam 2 content

Question 1

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 1

stimulus we already know about, don’t need to learn anything
we already know that water quenches thirst

Question 2

Unconditioned response

Answer 2

we already know about the stimulus, the response already happens
we feel full after we eat. just happens

Question 3

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 3

we need to learn about this stimulus, not known already

Question 4

Conditioned response

Answer 4

a response we need to learn to do, because we didn’t know the stimulus before

Question 5

Generalization

Answer 5

The tendency (once a response has been conditioned) for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 6

Discrimination

Answer 6

The learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and similar stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Habituation

Answer 7

Growing accustomed to a stimulus so it doesn’t elicit the same effect anymore
Decrease in response to a stimulus
Just getting used to something do doesn’t elicit a big response

Question 8

Extinction

Answer 8

When the CR goes extinct after the stimulus isn’t repeated anymore

Question 9

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

The reappearance (after a pause) of a weakened conditioned response
stimuli and responses can be randomly recovered after extinction sometimes

Question 10

Higher order/second order conditioning

Answer 10

new CS gets paired with an established CS

Question 11

Classical conditioning in humans

Answer 11

Phobias - Watson & little Albert
influenced by pavlov but wanted to try conditioning on kids
white rat was the US
little albert’s fear of the white rat became the CS
he was also afraid of other small furry animals- his fear generalized

Question 12

Operant conditioning

Answer 12

a method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behavior. Through operant conditioning, behavior that is rewarded is likely to be repeated, and behavior that is punished will rarely occur

Question 13

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 13

behaviors followed by positive outcomes will be continued, behaviors followed by negative outcomes will be abandoned because they don’t produce the desired outcome

Question 14

Positive reinforcement

Answer 14

desirable outcome occurs
“you get ice cream if you mow the law” you’re gonna mow the lawn because you know ice cream is waiting

Question 15

Negative reinforcement

Answer 15

removes an unpleasant behavior
Still good! just removes something instead of adding it

Question 16

Positive punishment

Answer 16

administered something aversive so it decreases the amount we do that thing
Hitting someone every time they misbehave

Question 17

Negative punishment

Answer 17

remove/lose something desirable to decrease the behavior
Take away your phone if you come home late

Question 18

Shaping

Answer 18

shock a rat everytime it goes near a bar so after a while they’ll be like oh that feels nice let me press the bar
shaping them to continue pressing the bar (can’t tell them too, have to shape them using other tools)

Question 19

Extinction

Answer 19

if you stop giving the rat brain stimulation even after they keep pressing the bar they’ll stop doing it because they’re not getting anything out of it again

Question 20

Chaining

Answer 20

if you want somebody to do of chain of things, you start at the end with 1 of the tasks and give them a reward, then add on 2 tasks before the award is given
when you finally get them to do the whole chain of tasks and then provide the reward, they’ll know to do the whole chain of events

Question 21

Instinctive drift

Answer 21

animals trained for shows sometimes revert back to their animal ways (a pig dancing may start rolling around in mud again)
humans can do this too- trapeze artist looks down one day and realizes how high up they are and randomly gets nervous

Question 22

Primary reinforcers

Answer 22

biologically satisfying
water, food, air, etc
we are born knowing these things are good

Question 23

Secondary reinforcers

Answer 23

not biologically born with knowing these are good, we learn over time
money

Question 24

Fixed ratio

Answer 24

after a certain number of responses there’s a reward

Question 25

Variable ratio

Answer 25

varied number of responses then there’s a reward

Question 26

Fixed interval

Answer 26

after a certain amount of time there is a reward

Question 27

Variable interval

Answer 27

varied amount of time then there’s a reward

Question 28

Observational learning

Answer 28

Bandura - we learn by watching others (models) of aggression
Bandura’s bobo doll experiment
after kids watched videos of someone beating the fuck out of a doll they did the same and continued the violence by pretending to shoot it
studies after have shown the more violent tv and movies kids watched the more fights they got in

Question 29

Components of observational learning

Answer 29

Attention
Retention
Reproduction
Motivation

Question 30

Encode

Answer 30

getting information into your brain and memory

Question 31

Store

Answer 31

retain encoded information over time

Question 32

Explicit memory

Answer 32

Retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and declare

Question 33

Episodic memory

Answer 33

Personal experiences (what you ate for lunch and who you were with)
Stored in frontal lobe & hippocampus
Type of explicit memory

Question 34

Semantic memory

Answer 34

Facts
Type of explicit memory

Question 35

Implicit memory

Answer 35

Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations that are independent of conscious recollection
They influence our behavior without our awareness

Question 36

Procedural memory

Answer 36

(Nonconscious memory for how to do a task) are one type of implicit memory
riding a bike, bowling, etc
Type of implicit memory

Question 37

Traditional information processing model

Answer 37

Sensory memory
-memory for sensory events (see, hear, smell, etc)
-brief, but lots of information
Iconic memory (type of sensory)
-visual images
-Working memory or short-term memory
-after sensory memory it turns into working/short term memory
-keeps in short term memory longer if you repeat it
Long-term memory
-information gets lost or into long term memory
-holds information perhaps forever (don’t know for sure)
-holds less information than short term but obviously lasts for way longer

Question 38

Encoding specificity

Answer 38

you remember stuff better when you are in the same context/situation when you try to retrieve the information as you were when you learned it to begin with
studying in a similar environment to where you take a test will be beneficial because you’ll remember more for the test

emotional state serves as a retrieval cue
when you’re sad, you remember other sad stuff that’s happened to you more than when you’re happy
people perform better on remembering stuff when they’re tested on it in the same mood they were in when they learned it

Question 39

Transcience

Answer 39

memory fades overtime

Question 40

Absent-mindedness

Answer 40

if you weren’t paying attention you won’t put it into your long term memory

Question 41

Blocking

Answer 41

Tip-of-the-tongue-phenomenon
you are about to figure it out but you can’t actually remember it, your brain is blocking you from recalling/retrieving it

Question 42

Misattribution

Answer 42

Source monitoring
we forget who told us a piece of information

Question 43

Suggestibility

Answer 43

tendency to incorporate misleading information into our own memories
when you retrieve something from long term memory it can be altered with something false before you bring it back into long term memory so part of the memory is fake
part of the reason why eyewitness testimonies are flawed. the way the eyewitness is asked the question determines how they will “remember” it and could be filled with misinformation

Question 44

Bias

Answer 44

pre-existing knowledge, our beliefs/feelings we have about a topic leads us to misremember certain things

Question 45

Belief persistance

Answer 45

Persistence of someone’s initial conceptions even after the basis of which they were formed has been discredited

Question 46

Representative heuristic

Answer 46

Judging the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to match particular prototypes; leads us to ignore other relevant information

Question 47

Availability heuristic

Answer 47

Judging the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come easily to mind (usually because they are vivid) we presume these events are common

Question 48

Functional fixedness

Answer 48

the failure to use familiar objects in novel ways to solve problems.

Question 49

Mental set

Answer 49

we get into a mental rut in our approach to problem solving, continuing to use the same old method even though another approach might be better.

Question 50

Binet’s mental age

Answer 50

Level of performance typically associated with kids of a certain age. Is a 6 year old is super smart, mental age of 9 year old, etc

Question 51

Spearman

Answer 51

General intelligence (g). underlies all mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test
If you score high in some areas on an intelligence test you’re likely to score above average on most/all categories

Question 52

Gardner

Answer 52

8 intelligences
Naturalist, interpersonal, intrapersonal, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, musical, logical-mathematical, linguistic

Question 53

Sternberg triarchic model of intelligence

Answer 53

Analytical
-Academic problem solving, assessed on intelligence tests
Creative
-Adapt to new situations and come up with novel ideas
Practical
-Everyday tasks (broad)

Question 54

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 54

Accumulated knowledge of vocab, applied, skills etc over time
Gets larger as you get older (more time to learn stuff)

Question 55

Fluid intelligence

Answer 55

Ability to reason speedily and abstractly with logic problems
Gets smaller as you get older