Exam 4 Chapters 11-13 Flashcards
Tendency to choose partners who are a “good match” in attractiveness and other traits
Matching phenomenon
Presumption that attractive people possess other desirable traits
“what is beautiful is good” “What is ugly is bad”
Low self-esteem increases our tendency to find others attractive
low self esteem n Attraction
First we notice a physiological “feeling.” Then we assign that “feeling” a label. Finally we experience it as an emotion
Two factor theory of emotion
An intense longing for union with another. More than “loving” someone, you’re “in love”
Passionate love
“Liking” causes “liking” cause its believable
Attribution
Rooted in trust and marked by intimacy
Secure attachment
Marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others
Avoidant attachment
Marked by anxiety or ambivalence
Anxious attachment
Gains form a relationship should be proportional to the effort put into it
Equity
Tendency to match your level of disclosure with others person’s level
Disclosure reciprocity
Individualist cultures (like U.S.). have higher rates of divorce than do communal cultures
Who divorces?
A motive to increase another’s welfare without consensus regard for one’s self-interests
Altruism
Interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one’s rewards and minimize one’s costs
Social Exchange theory
Expectation that people will help, not hurt those who have helped them
Reciprocity norm
Expectation that people will help those needing help
Social-responsibility norm
Men offer more help to women/ men more frequently help attractive women
Women offer help equally to men or women
Evolution has selected altruism toward one’s close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes
Kin selection
Altruism directed toward those who will reciprocate
Reciprocity
the victorious experience of another’s feelings; putting oneself in another’s shoes
Empathy
A person is less likely to help when there are other bystanders
Bystander effect
More often help strangers in potentially dangerous situations
Men
Slightly more likely to help in safer situations
Women
Religious people only slightly more responsive
Spontaneous helping
Religious faith better predicts helping
Planned helping
Make it clear you need help
Reducing ambiguity
Regarding others as within one’s circle of moral concern
Teaching moral inclusion
The result of bribing people to do what they already like doing; they may then see their actions as externally controlled rather than intrinsically appealing
Over justification effect
After a large request is refused, counter offer with a mere reasonable one
Door-in-the-face technique
A condition marked by low levels of hostility and aggression and by mutually beneficial relationships
Peace
Perceived incompatibility between the individual’s goals and the collective good
Social dilemma
A situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing its self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior
Social Trap
Rational thinking becomes more difficult during conflict or crisis, resulting in more simplistic & stereotypical perceptions
Simplistic thinking
Misperceptions appear & disappear as conflicts wax & wane
Shifting perceptions
Direct negotiation between parties
Bargaining
Neutral third party facilitates communication and offers suggestions
Mediation
Neutral third party studies both sides then imposes a settlement
Arbitration
Strategy designed to de-escalate initiatives in tension reduction (GRIT)
Graduated & Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension reduction (GRIT)
