1-3 Flashcards
The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one’s ability to have foreseen it. Aka I-knew-it-all-along
Hindsight Bias
An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events
Theory
A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events
Hypothesis
Effectively summarized a wide range of observations
Good theory
Everyday, natural situations outside the
Field research
A controlled situation where the variables being correlational research, survey research, and experimental research
Lab research
Detecting naturally occurring relationships between two or more variables. Allows us to make predictions. Doesn’t allow us to determine causation.
Correlational research
Most common form of correlational research. Random sample of every person in population. Survey question issues that may lead to bias.
Survey research
Used to sell seek cause and effect relationships. Same issues as survey research. Random sampling.
Experimental research
Factor that is manipulated one
Independent variable
Factor that is measured
Dependent variable
Experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations
Mundane realism
Experiments absorb/ involve participants
Experimental realism
Cues that tell participants how to behave. “helpful participants” and “screw you” participants
Demand characteristics
What we know and believe about ourselves
Self-concept
Beliefs about self that organize and guide the process of self-relevant information
Self-schema
A person’s overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth
Self-esteem
We tend to focus more on info. related to ourselves. Develop social self, roles we play, social comparison, success n failure experiences, culture
Self-reference
Roles we play. New roles tend to make us feel self-conscious.
Development of social self
Evaluating one’s abilities/ opinions by comparing oneself to others
Social comparison
Perception about your ability to control outcomes
Locus of control
Group more important than the individual
Collectivism
Outcomes are controlled by your own efforts
Internal locus of control
Outcomes are controlled by chance or outside forces
External locus of control
In the face of repeated uncontrollable bad experiences, we learn to feel helpless and resigned, and become passive
Learned helplessness
The tendency to perceive oneself favorably
Self-serving bias
“I didn’t do it”, “It wasn’t so bad”, “Yes, but…”
3 Major categories of excuses
Tendency to overestimate the commonality of our opinions, our undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors
False consensus effect
Tendency to underestimate the commonality of our abilities, our desirable or successful behaviors
False uniqueness effect
Protection one’s self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure
Self-presentation
Our judgement are influenced by both unconscious and conscious systems
SBJ
The mutual influence of bodily sensations on cognitivepreferences and social judgements
Embodied cognition
Immediately knowing something without
Intuitive judgement
Tendency to be more confident than correct- to overestimate the accuracy of one’s belief
Overconfidence
Tendency to bias to search for information that confirms our preconceptions
Confirmation bias
Mental shortcuts that provide quick estimates about the likelihood of uncertain events
Heuristic
judging based on the extent it resembles (or represent) a typical case
Representative heuristic
Tendency to ignore base-rate information
Base-rate fallacy
Judging likelihood based on how easily instances come to mind (are availability to our memory)
Availability heuristic
Perception of a relationship where none exists
Illusory correlation
Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one’s control (or more controllable than they actually are)
Illusion of control
How we explain other people’s behavior
Attribution theory
People’s intentions and dispositions correspond to their actions
Inferring traits
Tendency for observers to: underestimate situational influences or overestimate dispositional influences
Fundamental Attribution error
