8-10 (Exam 3) Flashcards
Two or more people who interact and influence each other and perceive one another as “us”
Group
the strengthening of dominant responses owing to the presence of others
Social facilitation effect
the presence of many others
Crowding
Concern for how others are evaluating us
Evaluation apprehension
presence of others without evaluation or distraction still causes arousal
mere presence
Tendency for people to exert less effort when in a group than when alone
Social loafing
People who benefit form the group but give little in return
Free riders
group situations that foster anonymity, leading individuals to lose self-awareness and evaluation apprehension
Deindividuation
group-produced enhancement of members’ pre-existing tendencies
Group polarization
Desire to be right
More information available and more arguments discussed
informational influence
Desire to be liked
Tendency to to increase strength of our opinion (when it matches the group’s opinion)
Normative influence
Tendency to suppress group dissent and increase group harmony, sacrificing realistic thinking/decision-making as a result
Groupthink
A preconceived negative judgement of a group and its individual members
prejudice
A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people
stereotype
Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group or its members
Discrimination
prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of given race
Racism
prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex
Sexism
A belief in the superiority of one’s own ethnic/cultural group, and a disdain for all other groups
Ethnocentrism
When frustrated we look for someone (in the out group) to blame
Scapegoat theory
Feeling superior to others
Social identity theory
tendency to favor one’s own group
In-group bias
Relying on stereotypes is especially easy and efficient when we are distracted
Categorization
Tendency for people to more accurately recognize faces of their own race
Own-race bias
Tendency to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get
just-world phenomenon
- Level of damage is the most important predictor of anger
- Intentions of harm-doers
- Person’s ability to have prevented the damage
Research on what makes us angry
Physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone
Aggression
Aggression driven by anger and performed as an end in itself
Hostile aggression
Aggression that is a means to some other end
Instrumental aggression
Biological phenomenon, response to frustration, or learned social behavior
3 theories of Aggression
Aggression is an innate, unlearned behavior pattern exhibited by all members of a species
Instinct theory
Aggression can be adaptive for survival/ reproducing
Evolutionary psychology
Frustration leads to anger, producing an emotional readiness to aggress
Frustration-aggression theory
The perception that one is less well off than comparable others
Relative deprivation
We learn social behavior by observing and imitating, and by being rewarded and punished
Social learning theory
One form of arousal (e.g., from exercise) can heighten another form of arousal (e.g., anger)
Arousal
more presence of a gun can heighten aggression
Weapon effect
