Exam 4 (Ch. 54-60)

Question 1

Proximate Causes of Behavior

Answer 1

How questions
How do bats use their sonar or how do birds navigate for example.
Developmental systems
Physiological systems

Question 2

Ultimate Causes of Behavior

Answer 2

Why questions
Why does an animal behave a certain way
Evolution of a trait – changes over history
How a behavior benefits the survival or reproduction of the individual

Question 3

Kin Selection

Answer 3

Selfish behavior of an organism that includes close kin

Question 4

Inclusive Fitness

Answer 4

Selfish behavior of an organism that includes close kin and close relatives

Question 5

Reciprocal Altruism

Answer 5

When an organism does something for another organism but expects something in return in the future. Not only humans; sometimes the organism does the favor with this expectation but the other organism doesn’t return it/stabs it in the back. The organism remembers this and doesn’t take lightly to it

Question 6

Sociobiology

Answer 6

The study of social behavior between two or more animals. Most animals aren’t social

Question 7

Eusocial Species (Usually Insects)

Answer 7

There is one single breeding female (usually the queen), who produces nonbreeding, working individuals, to take care of the young, make and bring food, etc. There are castes such as workers, soldiers, queens, etc. It’s basically a mini society

Question 8

Generation Time

Answer 8

The time between the birth of an individual and production of their first offspring. In general the larger the species the longer the generation time

Question 9

Semelparity

Answer 9

Organisms that save energy to reproduce just once.
Produce large numbers of offspring
Tend to have short lives (there are exceptions)

Question 10

Iteroparity

Answer 10

Organisms that reproduce many times over their life span

They produce relatively few offspring at one time (there are exceptions)

Question 11

K-Selected Populations

Answer 11

Tend to maintain an equilibrium near the carrying capacity

Question 12

R-Selected Populations

Answer 12

They have rapid growth and their population often fluctuates

Question 13

Intraspecific Competition

Answer 13

Competition within a species

Question 14

Species Richness

Answer 14

Number of species

Question 15

Interspecific Interactions

Answer 15

Interactions between species

Question 16

Cryptic Coloration

Answer 16

Camouflage; blending in with environment/surroundings

Question 17

Deceptive Coloration

Answer 17

Changing color to fool predators or prey. Camouflage and mimicry; such as the snake who mimics the color of the deadly snake to fool predators

Question 18

Aposematic Coloration

Answer 18

Using a “warning color”, such as when some species turn bright colors to show potential toxicity

Question 19

Batesian Mimicry

Answer 19

A harmless species that resembles a dangerous or unpalatable species

Question 20

Mullerian Mimicry

Answer 20

Unpalatable or dangerous species resembling one-another

Question 21

Resource Partitioning

Answer 21

When one or more different species learn to share resources so none of them are at harm

Question 22

Ecological Niche

Answer 22

The total of an organism’s use of abiotic and biotic resources in it’s environment

Question 23

Fundamental Niche

Answer 23

Resources that can theoretically be used by an organism

Question 24

Realized Niche

Answer 24

Resources that are actually used by an organism

Question 25

Primary Succession

Answer 25

Begins in a lifeless area like a new volcanic island

Question 26

Secondary Succession

Answer 26

Begins after a disturbance

Question 27

Eutrophic Lakes

Answer 27

Filled with algae or aquatic plants. The abundance of algae or plants is often caused by fertilizer or sewage runoff. Phosphorus and nitrogen are key nutrients contributing to eutrophic conditions

Question 28

Minimum Viable Population Size

Answer 28

The smallest number of individuals needed to maintain a population

Question 29

Minimum Dynamic Area

Answer 29

The amount of habitat needed to maintain a population

Question 30

Keystone Species

Answer 30

If removed entire ecosystem collapses

Question 31

Indicator Species

Answer 31

Provide status of overall health of an ecosystem

Question 32

Umbrella Species

Answer 32

Large habitat, if habitat is protected many other species will be protected

Question 33

Flagship Species

Answer 33

Instantly recognizable species – symbols of conservation campaigns