Exam 3 (Ch. 32-40)

Question 1

Animal Characteristics

Answer 1

Animals are all multicellular
Animals are all chemoheterotrophs
Most animals ingest their food
Animals have no cell walls
Animals use structural proteins for support
Most animals have a nervous system
Most animals have a muscular system
Most animals utilize sexual reproduction, although asexual reproduction is not rare
Animals have a small, motile and flagellated, male reproductive cell – the sperm
Animals have a large non-motile female reproductive cell – the egg

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

Diploid cell made up of the 2 haploid reproductive cells, the sperm and the egg

Question 3

Blastula

Answer 3

A multicellular hollow ball formed from the cleavage of the zygote

Question 4

Gastrula

Answer 4

Formed from gastrulation, it’s when embryonic tissues are formed (i.e. endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm)

Question 5

Parazoa

Answer 5

Animals without true tissues

Sponges are the only living kind

Question 6

Eumetazoa

Answer 6

Animals with true tissues

Every animal besides sponges

Question 7

Ectoderm

Answer 7

Outer layer of embryonic tissue formed from gastrulation. Ends up forming the outer covering of animals

Question 8

Endoderm

Answer 8

Inner layer of embryonic tissue formed from gastrulation. Ends up forming the digestive tract and the associated organs of the digestive tract

Question 9

Mesoderm

Answer 9

Layer of tissue in between the endoderm and ectoderm formed from gastrulation. Forms the muscles and organs
NOT found in radiata (cnidarians and ctenophores)

Question 10

Acoelomates

Answer 10

Animals that have a solid body with no cavities between the layers of tissue (e.g. flatworms)

Question 11

Pseudocoelomates

Answer 11

Have a cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm (e.g. roundworms)

Question 12

Coelomates

Answer 12

Have a body cavity surrounded by the mesoderm (e.g. humans)

Question 13

Protostomes

Answer 13

One group of coelomates based on its embryonic development: zygote cleavage is spiral and determinate
Blastopore develops into mouth

Question 14

Deuterstomes

Answer 14

One group of coelomates based on its embryonic development: zygote cleavage is radial and indeterminate
Blastopore develops into anus

Question 15

Cotyledon

Answer 15

Seed Leaf

Question 16

Monocot

Answer 16

One cotyledon (seed leaf)
Parallel veins in leaf
Scattered vascular bundles in stem
Fibrous root systems (usually)
Flower parts in threes

Question 17

Eudicot

Answer 17

Two cotyledons (seed leaves)
Veins usually net-like
Vascular bundles arranged in a ring
Taproot usually present
Flower parts in fours or fives

Question 18

Taproot

Answer 18

A long vertical root with small lateral roots

Question 19

Shoot System

Answer 19

Stems are divided into nodes and internodes

Question 20

Nodes

Answer 20

Where the leaves are attached

Question 21

Internodes

Answer 21

The are between 2 nodes

Question 22

Axillary Bud

Answer 22

Located at the intersection of stem and leaf

Question 23

Terminal (Apical) Bud

Answer 23

Located at the tip of a growing stem

Question 24

Stolons

Answer 24

Horizontal stems that allow plants to spread over a large area

Question 25

Rhizomes

Answer 25

Horizontal underground stems

Question 26

Tubers

Answer 26

Ends of rhizomes modified for food storage

Question 27

Bulbs

Answer 27

Vertical underground stems

Question 28

Corms

Answer 28

Short, swollen stems

Question 29

Parenchyma

Answer 29

Relatively undifferentiated cells | Involved in metabolic functions

Question 30

Collenchyma

Answer 30

Provides support for the growing portion of the plant

Question 31

Sclerenchyma

Answer 31

Provides support, contains lignin

Question 32

Plant Tissues

Answer 32

Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, and phloem

Question 33

Xylem

Answer 33

The woody part of the plant. Contains tracheids and vessel elements. Transport water and minerals

Question 34

Phloem

Answer 34

Consists of sieve-tube elements (special cells without organelles). Transport food

Question 35

Meristems

Answer 35

These are the growing stems of the plant

Question 36

Apical (Primary) Meristem

Answer 36

On tips of roots and shoots

Question 37

Lateral (Secondary) Meristem

Answer 37

On the sides of roots and shoots

Question 38

Primary Growth of a Plant

Answer 38

Produces the primary plant body which consists of 3 tissues: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. This is the growth that makes the plants taller and longer

Question 39

Secondary Growth of a Plant

Answer 39

Increase in the diameter of a plant. Produces the main parts of wood and bark

Question 40

Three Zones of Primary Growth of a Root

Answer 40

1. Meristem and root cap 2. Zone of Maturation 3. Zone of Elongation

Question 41

Three Layers of the Root

Answer 41

1. Outer Layer = Epidermis 2. Middle Layer = Cortex 3. Inner Layer = Root Core

Question 42

Root Core

Answer 42

Where the xylem and phloem develop

Question 43

Stem Growth

Answer 43

1. Outer Layer = Cortex 2. Inner Layer = Pith Has vascular bundles

Question 44

Vascular Cambium

Answer 44

Produces secondary xylem (wood) to the inside and secondary phloem (inner bark) to the outside

Question 45

Cork Cambium

Answer 45

Produces the outer bark

Question 46

Chondrichthyes

Answer 46

Cartilegnous fish with jaws (sharks, skates, and rays)

Question 47

Actinopterygii

Answer 47

Ray-finned fish with jaws

Question 48

Sarcopterygii

Answer 48

Coelacanths and lungfishes with jaws

Question 49

Oviparous

Answer 49

Lay eggs

Question 50

Ovoviparous

Answer 50

Eggs are in the female but no placenta for nourishment

Question 51

Viviparous

Answer 51

Eggs are in the uterus and receive nourishment from placenta

Question 52

Osteichthyans

Answer 52

Vertebrates with a BONY skeleton, including bony fish

Question 53

Operculum

Answer 53

A protective flap covering gills

Question 54

Anura

Answer 54

Frogs and toads

Question 55

Apoda

Answer 55

Caecilians

Question 56

Urodela

Answer 56

Salamanders