Exam 3 (Ch. 32-40) Flashcards
Animal Characteristics
Animals are all multicellular
Animals are all chemoheterotrophs
Most animals ingest their food
Animals have no cell walls
Animals use structural proteins for support
Most animals have a nervous system
Most animals have a muscular system
Most animals utilize sexual reproduction, although asexual reproduction is not rare
Animals have a small, motile and flagellated, male reproductive cell – the sperm
Animals have a large non-motile female reproductive cell – the egg
Zygote
Diploid cell made up of the 2 haploid reproductive cells, the sperm and the egg
Blastula
A multicellular hollow ball formed from the cleavage of the zygote
Gastrula
Formed from gastrulation, it’s when embryonic tissues are formed (i.e. endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm)
Parazoa
Animals without true tissues
Sponges are the only living kind
Eumetazoa
Animals with true tissues
Every animal besides sponges
Ectoderm
Outer layer of embryonic tissue formed from gastrulation. Ends up forming the outer covering of animals
Endoderm
Inner layer of embryonic tissue formed from gastrulation. Ends up forming the digestive tract and the associated organs of the digestive tract
Mesoderm
Layer of tissue in between the endoderm and ectoderm formed from gastrulation. Forms the muscles and organs
NOT found in radiata (cnidarians and ctenophores)
Acoelomates
Animals that have a solid body with no cavities between the layers of tissue (e.g. flatworms)
Pseudocoelomates
Have a cavity between the endoderm and mesoderm (e.g. roundworms)
Coelomates
Have a body cavity surrounded by the mesoderm (e.g. humans)
Protostomes
One group of coelomates based on its embryonic development: zygote cleavage is spiral and determinate
Blastopore develops into mouth
Deuterstomes
One group of coelomates based on its embryonic development: zygote cleavage is radial and indeterminate
Blastopore develops into anus
Cotyledon
Seed Leaf
Monocot
One cotyledon (seed leaf) Parallel veins in leaf Scattered vascular bundles in stem Fibrous root systems (usually) Flower parts in threes
Eudicot
Two cotyledons (seed leaves) Veins usually net-like Vascular bundles arranged in a ring Taproot usually present Flower parts in fours or fives
Taproot
A long vertical root with small lateral roots
Shoot System
Stems are divided into nodes and internodes
Nodes
Where the leaves are attached
Internodes
The are between 2 nodes
Axillary Bud
Located at the intersection of stem and leaf
Terminal (Apical) Bud
Located at the tip of a growing stem
Stolons
Horizontal stems that allow plants to spread over a large area
Rhizomes
Horizontal underground stems
Tubers
Ends of rhizomes modified for food storage
Bulbs
Vertical underground stems
Corms
Short, swollen stems
Parenchyma
Relatively undifferentiated cells
Involved in metabolic functions
Collenchyma
Provides support for the growing portion of the plant
Sclerenchyma
Provides support, contains lignin
Plant Tissues
Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, and phloem
Xylem
The woody part of the plant. Contains tracheids and vessel elements. Transport water and minerals
Phloem
Consists of sieve-tube elements (special cells without organelles). Transport food
Meristems
These are the growing stems of the plant
Apical (Primary) Meristem
On tips of roots and shoots
Lateral (Secondary) Meristem
On the sides of roots and shoots
Primary Growth of a Plant
Produces the primary plant body which consists of 3 tissues: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. This is the growth that makes the plants taller and longer
Secondary Growth of a Plant
Increase in the diameter of a plant. Produces the main parts of wood and bark
Three Zones of Primary Growth of a Root
- Meristem and root cap
- Zone of Maturation
- Zone of Elongation
Three Layers of the Root
- Outer Layer = Epidermis
- Middle Layer = Cortex
- Inner Layer = Root Core
Root Core
Where the xylem and phloem develop
Stem Growth
- Outer Layer = Cortex
- Inner Layer = Pith
Has vascular bundles
Vascular Cambium
Produces secondary xylem (wood) to the inside and secondary phloem (inner bark) to the outside
Cork Cambium
Produces the outer bark
Chondrichthyes
Cartilegnous fish with jaws (sharks, skates, and rays)
Actinopterygii
Ray-finned fish with jaws
Sarcopterygii
Coelacanths and lungfishes with jaws
Oviparous
Lay eggs
Ovoviparous
Eggs are in the female but no placenta for nourishment
Viviparous
Eggs are in the uterus and receive nourishment from placenta
Osteichthyans
Vertebrates with a BONY skeleton, including bony fish
Operculum
A protective flap covering gills
Anura
Frogs and toads
Apoda
Caecilians
Urodela
Salamanders
