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BIO 113 - WI 16 @ OU > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Supergroup Excavata

A

Includes Euglenoids and Kinetoplastids, and species such as “Trichomonas vaginalis” and “Giardia lamblia”

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2
Q

Euglenoids

A

Heterotrophs but some are photosynthetic as well. They have ribbon-like protein strips below their plasma membranes

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3
Q

Kinetoplastids

A

Have kinetoplasts, a mass of extranuclear DNA. Kinetoplastids include the parasite Trypansoma that causes African sleeping sickness

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4
Q

Supergroup ?

A

Includes kingdoms: red algae, green algae, plants, cryptomonads, and haptophytes

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5
Q

Red Algae

A

Mostly red, marine, multicellular

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6
Q

Cryptomonads

A

Unicellular flagellates
Marine and freshwater
Important source of food for aquatic animals

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7
Q

Haptophytes

A

Unicellular
Marine
Some have flagella
Includes coccolithophorids that are covered with calcium carbonate disks (coccoliths)

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8
Q

Supergroup Alveolata

A

Includes dinoflagellates, ciliates, and apicomplexans

Have sac-like membranous vesicles called alveoli

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9
Q

Dinoflagellates

A

Have 2 flagella
A major component of phytoplankton (photosynthetic plankton)
Toxic species like Pfiesteria cause red tides

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10
Q

Ciliates

A

Live in freshwater
They have cilia, short projections used for propulsion
They have very complex cells

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11
Q

Apicomplexicans

A

Parasites of animals

Includes species of Plasmodium that cause malaria

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12
Q

Supergroup Stramenopila

A

Includes diatoms, water molds, brown algae, and golden algae

Have flagellar hairs and plastids derived from red algae

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13
Q

Diatoms

A

Yellow or brown in color
Have glass-like walls
Common in freshwater and marine waters

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14
Q

Brown Algae

A

The largest algae
All multicellular, mostly marine
Includes kelp

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15
Q

Golden Algae

A

Colonial

Live in freshwater and marine water

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16
Q

Supergroup Amoebozoa

A

Includes amoebas and slime molds

Utilize pseudopodia

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17
Q

Palasodial Slime Molds

A

Live as an amoeboid mass called a plasmodium

Some are brightly colored

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18
Q

Water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews

A

Fungus-like

A downy mildew caused the Irish potato blight

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19
Q

Cellular Slime Molds

A

Live as single cells, form multicellular fruiting bodies

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20
Q

Supergroup Rhizaria

A

Includes radiolarians, foraminiferans, and chlorarachniophyta
They have thin hair-like (filose) pseudopodia

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21
Q

Chlorarachniophyta

A

Have plastids derived from green algae

tropical

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22
Q

Radiolarians

A

Have glassy skeletons, many are planktonic

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23
Q

Foraminiferans (forams)

A

Have porous shells of calcium carbonate, constituent of sedimentary rock

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24
Q

Supergroup Opisthokonta

A

Have swimming cells possessing a single posterior flagellum

Includes animals, fungi, and choanoflagellates

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25
Q

Choanoflagellates

A

Have a “collar” and a single flagellum
Single-celled and colonial
Closely related to animals

26
Q

Gametangia

A

Multicellular reproductive organs in plants

Produce gametes

27
Q

Alternation of Generations

A

One generation is the multicellular, haploid, gametophyte

The other generation is the multicellular, diploid, sporophyte

28
Q

Sporophytes

A

Produce haploid spores through the process of meiosis

29
Q

Gametophytes

A

Produce gametes through mitosis, which join to form a diploid zygote

30
Q

Antheridium

A

Male gametangium, produces sperm

31
Q

Archegonium

A

Female gametangium, produces eggs

32
Q

Sporangium

A

Produces spores

33
Q

Vascular Plants

A

Have two conducting tissues, xylem and phloem

34
Q

Xylem

A

Carries water and minerals from the roots. Formed from dead cells

35
Q

Phloem

A

Carries sugar, amino acids, and other organic nutrients. Formed from living tissue

36
Q

Dominant Form (Sporophyte or Gametophyte?)

A

Vascular plants: sporophytes

Bryophytes: gametophytes

37
Q

Seedless Vascular Plants

A

Have 2 phyla Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Pteridophyta

38
Q

Phylum Lycophyta

A

Club mosses
Many tropical lycophytes are epiphytes
Epiphytes grow on trees but are not parasitic

39
Q

Phylum Pteridophyta

A

The ferns
The most common seedless vascular plants ~12,000 species
Mostly herbaceous but there are tree ferns in the tropics
Most have leaves called fronds
The sporangia of most ferns are arranged into clusters called sori

40
Q

Seed Plants

A

The spore is retained in the sporophyte and develops into the gametophyte. So the gametophyte develops inside the sporophyte.

41
Q

Megasporangia

A

Produce megaspores
Megaspores develop into the female gametophyte that contains the egg
It is a solid structure called the nucellus

42
Q

Microsporangia

A

Produce microspores

Microspores develop into male gametophytes (pollen grains) that contain sperm

43
Q

Gymnosperms

A

Have phyla Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta

44
Q

Cycadophyta

A

The cycads
Have their naked seeds on special leaves (cones)
Woody plants

45
Q

Ginkgophyta

A 
The ginkgos
Only one living species Ginkgo biloba
Many species during the time of the Dinosaurs
Has fleshy fruit-like seeds
Separate male and female trees
46
Q

Coniferophyta

A

The conifers
Cone bearing plants
The largest Phylum of gymnosperms
Many species have needle-shaped leaves with thick cuticles and stomata in pits that make them drought resistant
They are woody plants with lignified cells
Include the Gnetales

47
Q

Angiosperms

A

Flowering plants, >250,000 species

48
Q

Phylum Anthophyta

A

Monocots and Eudicots

49
Q

Monocots

A

Include grasses, sedges, lilies, irises, palms, orchids, and others. Flower parts in threes or multiples of three

50
Q

Eudicots

A

Contains most of the old dicots, this includes roses, beans, oaks, maples, asters, buttercups, and many more. Flower parts in fours or fives or multiples of four or five

51
Q

Tracheids

A

Xylem cells in angiosperms and gymnosperms that provide support and transport water

52
Q

Vessel Elements

A

Xylem cells in most angiosperms

53
Q

Sepals

A

Are located at the bottom of the flower

Usually green, sometimes brightly colored

54
Q

Petals

A

Located above the sepals, often brightly colored

55
Q

Stamen

A

The male reproductive organ, it has two parts
Filament – a stalk
Anther – a terminal sac that produces pollen

56
Q

Pistal

A 
Made up of one or more fused carpels
the female reproductive organ
Consists of 3 parts:
Stigma
- Terminal portion
- Sticky to receive pollen
Style
- Tube shaped structure connecting the stigma to the ovary
Ovary
- Contains the ovules that develop into seeds
57
Q

Simple Fruit

A

– fruit derived from one ovary

  • The most common fruit
  • May be fleshy or dry
  • Many variations
58
Q

Aggregate Fruit

A

Develop from a single flower with many carpels

Blackberry, strawberry

59
Q

Multiple Fruit

A

Develop from an inflorescence (multiple flowers)

Pineapple, fig

60
Q

Double fertilization

A

The pollen grain contains 2 sperm nuclei, one fertilizes the egg forming the diploid zygote, the other fuses with 2 nuclei in the embryo sac forming a triploid nucleus.
The triploid nucleus forms into the endosperm, the food supply of the seed

BIO 113 - WI 16 @ OU (3 decks)

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