Exam 2 Flashcards
Supergroup Excavata
Includes Euglenoids and Kinetoplastids, and species such as “Trichomonas vaginalis” and “Giardia lamblia”
Euglenoids
Heterotrophs but some are photosynthetic as well. They have ribbon-like protein strips below their plasma membranes
Kinetoplastids
Have kinetoplasts, a mass of extranuclear DNA. Kinetoplastids include the parasite Trypansoma that causes African sleeping sickness
Supergroup ?
Includes kingdoms: red algae, green algae, plants, cryptomonads, and haptophytes
Red Algae
Mostly red, marine, multicellular
Cryptomonads
Unicellular flagellates
Marine and freshwater
Important source of food for aquatic animals
Haptophytes
Unicellular
Marine
Some have flagella
Includes coccolithophorids that are covered with calcium carbonate disks (coccoliths)
Supergroup Alveolata
Includes dinoflagellates, ciliates, and apicomplexans
Have sac-like membranous vesicles called alveoli
Dinoflagellates
Have 2 flagella
A major component of phytoplankton (photosynthetic plankton)
Toxic species like Pfiesteria cause red tides
Ciliates
Live in freshwater
They have cilia, short projections used for propulsion
They have very complex cells
Apicomplexicans
Parasites of animals
Includes species of Plasmodium that cause malaria
Supergroup Stramenopila
Includes diatoms, water molds, brown algae, and golden algae
Have flagellar hairs and plastids derived from red algae
Diatoms
Yellow or brown in color
Have glass-like walls
Common in freshwater and marine waters
Brown Algae
The largest algae
All multicellular, mostly marine
Includes kelp
Golden Algae
Colonial
Live in freshwater and marine water
Supergroup Amoebozoa
Includes amoebas and slime molds
Utilize pseudopodia
Palasodial Slime Molds
Live as an amoeboid mass called a plasmodium
Some are brightly colored
Water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews
Fungus-like
A downy mildew caused the Irish potato blight
Cellular Slime Molds
Live as single cells, form multicellular fruiting bodies
Supergroup Rhizaria
Includes radiolarians, foraminiferans, and chlorarachniophyta
They have thin hair-like (filose) pseudopodia
Chlorarachniophyta
Have plastids derived from green algae
tropical
Radiolarians
Have glassy skeletons, many are planktonic
Foraminiferans (forams)
Have porous shells of calcium carbonate, constituent of sedimentary rock
Supergroup Opisthokonta
Have swimming cells possessing a single posterior flagellum
Includes animals, fungi, and choanoflagellates
Choanoflagellates
Have a “collar” and a single flagellum
Single-celled and colonial
Closely related to animals
Gametangia
Multicellular reproductive organs in plants
Produce gametes
Alternation of Generations
One generation is the multicellular, haploid, gametophyte
The other generation is the multicellular, diploid, sporophyte
Sporophytes
Produce haploid spores through the process of meiosis
Gametophytes
Produce gametes through mitosis, which join to form a diploid zygote
Antheridium
Male gametangium, produces sperm
Archegonium
Female gametangium, produces eggs
Sporangium
Produces spores
Vascular Plants
Have two conducting tissues, xylem and phloem
Xylem
Carries water and minerals from the roots. Formed from dead cells
Phloem
Carries sugar, amino acids, and other organic nutrients. Formed from living tissue
Dominant Form (Sporophyte or Gametophyte?)
Vascular plants: sporophytes
Bryophytes: gametophytes
Seedless Vascular Plants
Have 2 phyla Phylum Lycophyta and Phylum Pteridophyta
Phylum Lycophyta
Club mosses
Many tropical lycophytes are epiphytes
Epiphytes grow on trees but are not parasitic
Phylum Pteridophyta
The ferns
The most common seedless vascular plants ~12,000 species
Mostly herbaceous but there are tree ferns in the tropics
Most have leaves called fronds
The sporangia of most ferns are arranged into clusters called sori
Seed Plants
The spore is retained in the sporophyte and develops into the gametophyte. So the gametophyte develops inside the sporophyte.
Megasporangia
Produce megaspores
Megaspores develop into the female gametophyte that contains the egg
It is a solid structure called the nucellus
Microsporangia
Produce microspores
Microspores develop into male gametophytes (pollen grains) that contain sperm
Gymnosperms
Have phyla Cycadophyta, Ginkgophyta, Coniferophyta
Cycadophyta
The cycads
Have their naked seeds on special leaves (cones)
Woody plants
Ginkgophyta
The ginkgos Only one living species Ginkgo biloba Many species during the time of the Dinosaurs Has fleshy fruit-like seeds Separate male and female trees
Coniferophyta
The conifers
Cone bearing plants
The largest Phylum of gymnosperms
Many species have needle-shaped leaves with thick cuticles and stomata in pits that make them drought resistant
They are woody plants with lignified cells
Include the Gnetales
Angiosperms
Flowering plants, >250,000 species
Phylum Anthophyta
Monocots and Eudicots
Monocots
Include grasses, sedges, lilies, irises, palms, orchids, and others. Flower parts in threes or multiples of three
Eudicots
Contains most of the old dicots, this includes roses, beans, oaks, maples, asters, buttercups, and many more. Flower parts in fours or fives or multiples of four or five
Tracheids
Xylem cells in angiosperms and gymnosperms that provide support and transport water
Vessel Elements
Xylem cells in most angiosperms
Sepals
Are located at the bottom of the flower
Usually green, sometimes brightly colored
Petals
Located above the sepals, often brightly colored
Stamen
The male reproductive organ, it has two parts
Filament – a stalk
Anther – a terminal sac that produces pollen
Pistal
Made up of one or more fused carpels the female reproductive organ Consists of 3 parts: Stigma - Terminal portion - Sticky to receive pollen Style - Tube shaped structure connecting the stigma to the ovary Ovary - Contains the ovules that develop into seeds
Simple Fruit
– fruit derived from one ovary
- The most common fruit
- May be fleshy or dry
- Many variations
Aggregate Fruit
Develop from a single flower with many carpels
Blackberry, strawberry
Multiple Fruit
Develop from an inflorescence (multiple flowers)
Pineapple, fig
Double fertilization
The pollen grain contains 2 sperm nuclei, one fertilizes the egg forming the diploid zygote, the other fuses with 2 nuclei in the embryo sac forming a triploid nucleus.
The triploid nucleus forms into the endosperm, the food supply of the seed
