Exam 4 Ch 18 Flashcards
True or false. Nonavian Reptiles is now considered a grade instead of a class.
True
In which period(???) did Amniotes arise from anthracosaurs?
the Carboniferous period
By the late Carboniferous amniotes separated into three groups:
- Anapsids
- Diapsids
- Synapsids
True or false. Anmiota are separated by patterns of temporal fenestrae in the skull.
True.
Anapsids have how many temporal openings behind the orbits?
none
Diapsids have how many temporal openings behind the orbits?
two pairs
Synapsids have how many temporal openings behind the orbits?
one pair
Name the four lineages of Diapsida.
- Sauropterygia (extinct)
- Ichtyosauria (extinct)
- Archosauria
- Lepidosauria
True or false. Turtles (anapsid) evolved from Diapsids, not from extinct anthracosaurs.
True.
Name the two groups of lepidosaurs.
squamates
sphenodonts
What is the purpose of fenestrae?
it results from a change in the musculature of the jaw.
List three pieces of evidence that support fenestrae for jaw muscular changes.
- associated with large muscles that elevate lower jaw (muscle attachments)
- large musculature allows for increased static pressure
- shift from suction feeding in aquatic vertebrates to terrestrial feeding.
True or false. Amniota is a clade.
True.
Name the five parts of the amniotic egg.
- Amnion
- Allantois
- Chorion
- yolk sac
- shell
What is the purpose of the amnion?
cushions embryo and provides an aqueous medium for growth.
What is the purpose of the allantois?
Storage of metabolic waste
What is the purpose and characteristics of the chorion?
it is highly vascularized and creates a respiratory surface.
What is the purpose of the yolk sac?
nutrient storage
Name characteristics of the shell.
porous, parchment-like or leathery. Protection.
What are the two purposes of thicker, more waterproof skin?
resistance to desiccation
coloration/camoflage
What is amnion skin made of?
keratin
lipids in epidermis
What do amniotes have in the skin that allows for camouflage and coloration?
chromatophores
How do reptiles breathe?
through rib ventilation of lungs, in which air is drawn into lungs by expanding the rib cage or moving internal organs posterior (negative pressure)
Describe the cardiovascular system of nonavian reptiles.
they have an efficient and versatile circulatory system
some have complete separation of ventricles, some have incomplete separation.
Name the listed characteristics of Clade Amniota.
- amniotic egg
- thicker, more waterproof skin
- rib ventilation of lungs
- stronger jaw
- water conserving and excretion
- expanded brain and sensory organs
Describe the advantages of non-avian reptiles brain development.
they have an enlarged cerebrum, integration of sensory info, reliant on head sense organs, no lateral line down body, and a larger cerebellum.
What are the reptilian orders discussed in lecture?
Testudines
Squamata
Sphenodonta
Crocodilia
What Suborders were discussed in lecture under Order Squamata?
Sauria
Serpentes
Amphisbaenia
Describe the shells of Testudines
- have an upper carapace and plastron on ventral side that :
A. the bony layer is fused with ribs and vertebrae
B. unusual respiration (posterior movement of organs) due to fusion of ribs
True or false. Testudines have teeth.
False. they have tough keratinized plates
What characteristics of sense organs for Testudines did we discuss in lecture?
poor hearing
good sense of smell
color vision
excellent navigation abilities
Explain the difference in scales in different orders.
Turtules have scutes (platelike scale modifications)
Crocodiles have scales forever.
Lizards and snakes shed skin
Do Testudines have internal or external fertilization?
internal
Are testudines oviparous, viviparous, or ovoviviparous?
Oviparous
What do Testudines do with their eggs?
they bury them
True or False. In some turtles, gender is determined not by chromosomes but by temperature.
True. Males are created in low temps while females are created in higher temperatures.
Mention the facts described in lecture about the “Age of Reptiles.”
165 mya
mass extinction at end of mesasoic
modern reptiles represent surviving lineages
this does not include dinosaurs
True or False. Squamata are Diapsids.
True.
What percentage of non-avian reptiles does the order Squamata contain?
95%
When did lizards appear?
the Jurassic period
When did snakes appear?
late Jurassic period
Describe the three changes in the squamate skull discussed in lecture.
- lost dermal bone ventral and posterior to lower temporal opening.
- they have kinetic jaws with moveable joints.
- joints in the palate and roof of mouth allow the snout to be tilted.
Name the two facts stated in lecture about the suborder Sauria.
diverse group with terrestrial, burrowing, aquatic and aboreal (live in trees.)
all autotomy.
Snakes (Suborder Serpentes) have no limbs. Therefore, they do not have…
a pectoral or a pelvic girdle, where limbs usually attach. They also have a highly kinetic skull and eat a lot.
True or False. Snakes are oviparous only.
False. Snakes can be oviparous (most), viviparous (some) or ovoviviparous (few.)
Explain the characteristics of sense organs in Snakes discussed in lecture.
- poor vision with a membrane (NICTATION?) over eye
- can feel vibration at low frequency
- Chemical senses are used to hunt prey:
a: Jacobson’s organ (why they put their tongue out)
b. pit organs are heat sensing.
True or False. Only 20% of snakes are venomous.
true.
Legless lizards have
moveable eyelid, external ear (hole), and two lungs.
Snakes have
no eyelid, no external ears, one functional lung.
In the Suborder Amphisbaenia (worm lizards), what special anatomy do these highly modified lizards have?
- conical/spade shaped head
- nearly uniform in diameter
- separation of soles on ventral and dorsal side
- no limbs
- eyes hidden underneath skin with no need due to living primarily underground, and no external ear opening.
True or False. The order Sphenodonta is an ancient lineage with 2 species residing in New Zealand.
True
True or False. The skulls of Sphenodonta are almost identical to those that lived 200 mya.
True
True or Flase. Sphenodonta live in burrows made by birds.
True
True or False. Sphenodonta grow quickly.
False. They grow very slowly.
Name the facts about reproduction in Sphenodonta we discussed in lecture.
10-20 years to sexually mature.
12-15 months from copulation to hatchlings.
lay eggs once every 4 years.
Order Crocodilia includes what three animals discussed in lecture?
Crocodiles, Alligators, and Caimens.
True or False. Archosaurs gave rise to Mesozoic diversification of dinosaurs, crocodiles, and birds.
True.
True or False. Modern crocodiles are very different from their Mesozoic counterparts.
False.
What five facts about the anatomy of Crocodilia did we cover in lecture?
- Long reinforced skull
- strong jaw musculature
- teeth in sockets-Thecodonts
- complete secondary palate-same as ours w no tilting joints.
- osteoderm creates armor under scales (bones) scales grow over top.
What facts did we learn in lecture in regard to Crocodilia reproduction?
oviparous (egg layers)
20-50 eggs at a time
creates heat
(opposite of Testudines) males in hotter temps and females in lower temps
True or False. Crocodilia have extensive parental care.
True. babies are able to vocalize and mothers carry them for first two years. (best mamas.)
