Exam 4 (Ch 13 + 14) - Cardiovascular + Heart

Question 1

leaves heart; bright red,
oxygenated (except for blood going to the
lungs)

Answer 1

arterial blood

Question 2

enters heart; dark red,
deoxygenated (except for blood coming
from the lungs)

Answer 2

Venous blood

Question 3

liquid portion of blood
- Contains water, proteins, antibodies, nutrients, gases, electrolytes,
waste products

Answer 3

plasma

Question 4

Three catagories of plasma proteins?

Answer 4

albumins
globulins
fibrinogen

Question 5

What is viscosity

Answer 5

Thickness of a fluid

Question 6

Which is more viscous: Whole blood or plasma?

Answer 6

whole blood (5x as viscous as water)
plasma (2x as viscous as water)

Question 7

What are the two functions of erythrocytes

Answer 7

carry O2 to cell tissue
Pick up CO2 from tissue

Question 8

What type of solution is blood?

Answer 8

colloid

Question 9

What is the normal colloid osmotic pressure of blood?

Answer 9

300 mOsm/L

Question 10

why do red blood cells have a large surface area

Answer 10

for gas exchange

Question 11

Do erythrocytes have a mitochon, nucleus, or DNA?

Answer 11

No.

Question 12

Are red blood cells aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 12

anaerobic.

Question 13

What is Hemoglobin comprised of?

Answer 13

4 globular proteins (2 alpha, 2 beta)

Question 14

What is the prosthetic group of hemoglobin?

Answer 14

heme

Question 15

WHat is heme (prosthetic group) composed of

Answer 15

Iron (Fe2+).

Question 16

How many O2 can heme bind?

Answer 16

one molecule

Question 17

How many O2 molecules can hemoglobin bind

Answer 17

4

Question 18

What does Fe2+ bind to in the stomach

Answer 18

gastrogerritin. Takes it to the small intestine

Question 19

What takes Fe2+ to the liver?

Answer 19

transferrin

Question 20

What binds to Fe2+ in the liver

Answer 20

apoferritin, when bound it is called ferritin

Question 21

What initiates erythrocyte homeostasis, or making of red blood cells?

Answer 21

hypoxemia (inadequate O2 transport)

Question 22

What secretes erythropoietin to stimulate red bone marrow production in the hip bones?

Answer 22

THe liver and kidnys

Question 23

What is Fe2+ from left over transferrin used for?

Answer 23

used to make hemoglobin, myoglobin, etc

Question 24

Where do expired erythrocytes break up?

Answer 24

spleen and liver

Question 25

What is hemostasis?

Answer 25

formation of blood clot

Question 26

WHat are the three steps in hemostasis?

Answer 26

1. Vascular spasm - vasoconstriction 2. Formation of platelet plug 3. Coagulation - formation of fibrin protein web

Question 27

what do intact edothelium cells secrete to inhibit platelet aggregation and cause vasodilation?

Answer 27

Prostacyclin (PGI2) and niric oxide.

Question 28

What do intact endothelium secrete to break down ADP into AMP and P to inhibit further platelet aggregation

Answer 28

CD39

Question 29

What happens in a broken vessel?

Answer 29

1)Glycoproteins on platelet membranes bind to collagen 2)Von Willebrand factor (VWF) holds them there 3) Platelet release reaction - Platelets recruit more platelets and form a platelet plug by secreting: a) ADP (sticky platelets) b) Serotonin (vasoconstriction) c) Thromboxane A2 (sticky platelets and vasoconstriction) 4) Activated platelets also activate plasma clotting factors

Question 30

Impulse conduction exceeds 0.2 secs

Answer 30

First degree AV node block

Question 31

Not every electrical wave can pass to ventricles

Answer 31

Second degree AV node block

Question 32

Little to no stimulation gets through. A pacemaker in the Purkinje fibers takes over, but this is slow

Answer 32

Third degree/complete AV node block

Question 33

atria beat out of coordination

Answer 33

atrial fibrillation

Question 34

ventricular ectopic focus

Answer 34

premature ventricular contraction

Question 35

SA node damage. No P wave

Answer 35

Nodal Rhythm

Question 36

STEMI (ST elevation myocardial infarction

Answer 36

early repolarization. Elevated ST segment

Question 37

Volume the end of ventricular filling - 130 mL

Answer 37

End-diastolic volume (EDV)

Question 38

Volume of blood ejected (70 mL

Answer 38

Stroke volume (SV)

Question 39

Volume at end of ventricular ejection (60 mL)

Answer 39

End-systolic volume ESV

Question 40

Amount of blood ejected per minute (4- 6 L)

Answer 40

Cardiac output (CO)

Question 41

HR x SV = CO

Answer 41

heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

Question 42

resting heart rate over 100 bpm

Answer 42

Tachycardia

Question 43

Resting heart rate of less than 60 bpm

Answer 43

bradycardia. Need an artificial pacemaer

Question 44

Increase heart rate

Answer 44

Positive chronotropic agents

Question 45

decreases heart rate

Answer 45

negative chronotropic agent

Question 46

cardioinhibitory effect

Answer 46

PSNS

Question 47

Cardiostimulatory effect

Answer 47

SNS fight or flight/

Question 48

Effects of SNS

Answer 48

release norepinephrine- bind b adrenergic receptors -activatres cAMP - Ca2+ influx and uptake

Question 49

effects of PSNS

Answer 49

release acetylcholine- binds muscarinic receptors - opens K+ gates on nodal cells

Question 50

factors that affect stroke volume

Answer 50

Preload (Amount of tension in ventricular myocardium)` Contractility (How hard the myocardium contracts) Afterload (resistance that the ventricles have to overcome)

Question 51

The more the ventricles are stretched, the more they contract SV and EDV

Answer 51

Frank-Starling law