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Personality Theory > Exam 4: Ch 12, 14, 17 > Flashcards

Exam 4: Ch 12, 14, 17 Flashcards

1
Q

Phenomenology

A

One’s conscious experience of the world; everything a person hears, feels, and thinks

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2
Q

Construal

A

A person’s particular experience of the world

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3
Q

Introspection

A

Observing your own perceptions and thoughts

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4
Q

Anatta

A

The Eastern Alternative concept that states there is no unchanging soul. Rather, the illusion of an independent and separate self if harmful. All people are interconnected and we do not have to fear individual death because we are all one with the universe.

Includes idea of immortality

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5
Q

Anicca

A

All things must pass.

One is “Enlightened” when they understand this idea

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6
Q

Nirvana

A

A serene, selfless state

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7
Q

The Eight Elements of Humanistic Psychology

A

Humanism, holistic, historic, real-life, value, will, phenomenological, positivity

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8
Q

Goal of Humanistic Psychology

A

Overcome the paradox of studying humans, practice self-awareness

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9
Q

Role of the therapist in humanistic psychotherapy

A

Help the patient perceive their own thoughts and feelings, make the patient feel appreciated (through unconditional positive regard)

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10
Q

Repertory (Rep) Test

A

Created by George Kelly

Asking a person to identify three different (ideas/traits/people etc) and then identify how 2 of them are the same and different from the third. Repeat.

How one discriminates between subject reveals a person’s constructs

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11
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Founded one of the first psychological laboratories. Used introspection to study Existentialism

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12
Q

Existentialism and Key Questions

A

Focuses on the basic experiences of being alive and aware.

Key Questions:

  • What is the nature of existence?
  • How does it feel?
  • What does it mean?
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13
Q

Ludwig Binswanger

A

Existentialist who asserted the three parts of existence: Umwelt, Mitwelt, Eigenwelt

Also came up with the concept of Authentic Existence

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14
Q

Umwelt

A

Biological being: Bodily sensations of being alive - pleasure, pain, heat, cold, and other

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15
Q

Mitwelt

A

Social being: What you feel as a social being and what others think/feel about you

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16
Q

Eigenwelt

A

Psychological experience: Introspection, “experience of experience itself,” and what you feel when understanding something

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17
Q

Martin Heidigger

A

Existentialist who came up with the concepts of “Thrown-ness”

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18
Q

Sartre

A

Existentialist who asserted concepts of Angst, free will, optimistic toughness

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19
Q

Optimistic Toughness

A

One’s existential responsibility to face your mortality and the meaninglessness of life and then find/create your own meaning and purpose in life

Sartre’s idea

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20
Q

Angst

A

AKA Existential anxiety. It is the unpleasant feelings that arise due to contemplation of the meaning of life.

Three components:

  • Anguish - because choices are never perfect, always have trade-offs
  • Forlornness - because of no escape from existential solitude
  • Despair - arises when person realizes the huge volume of outcomes, many of which are out of their control
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21
Q

Living in Bad Faith

A

When one ignores the bad feelings of angst. Comes with three problems:

  1. Cowardly liar
  2. Unhappiness
  3. It is impossible to pawn your choices off on others
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22
Q

Viktor Frankl

A

Wrote “Man’s Search for Meaning”

Believed in three wells of meaning: pursuing a life task, loving selflessly, suffering bravely. Frankl vowed to survive a Nazi concentration camp and did because he told himself he needed to fulfill his life’s meaning.

Love = elevating others around you.

Suffering is no longer suffering when there is established meaning behind it.

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23
Q

Nietzsche’s Superman

A

One must develop existential strength to rise above the meaninglessness of life (fairly negative in comparison to Frankl and Sartre)

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24
Q

Authentic Existence

A

Entails honesty, insightfulness, and being morally correct. The alternative to living in Bad Faith.

Proposed by Binswanger

Supposed to ask: “What does life want from us?”

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25
Q

Eastern Alternative

A

Zen Buddhism - involved Anatta (non-self: the sense of an independent self is just an illusion), Anicca (the idea that all things must pass and the present is not that important), and Nirvana (enlightenment)

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26
Q

Self-Actualization

A

Intrinsic goal of existence: the basic need to maintain and enhance life. Championed by Carl Rogers

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27
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

PSLSS: physical, safety, love, self-esteem, self-actialization.

Revised by Kenrick

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28
Q

Kenrick

A

Proposed a revised version of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, involved evolutionary psych influence.

Maslow would have discouraged this influence because people are not just animals!

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29
Q

Goals of humanistic psychotherapy

A
  1. Help the client perceive their own thoughts and feelings

2. Help the client feel appreciated (through unconditional positive regard)

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30
Q

Personal constructs and the social corollary of this concept

A

Cognitive compilation of one’s various construals of the world. They help determine how new experiences are construed

Social corollary: understanding a person means understanding their personal constructs

Proposed by George Kelly

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31
Q

Chronically Accessible Constructs

A

Constructs that one uses for everything automatically. Can be identified through the rep test

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32
Q

Virtues

What are the six core virtues?

A

Def: Character strengths

The Six Core Virtues: courage, justice, humanity (compassion), temperance, wisdom, and transcendence

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33
Q

Mindfulness

A

A state of being alert and aware of every thought, sensation, and experience. Origins in Buddhism.

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34
Q

Flow

A

The subjective enjoyment of an autotelic activity (those that are enjoyable for their own sake). Involves tremendous concentration, absence of distractibility, and thought only concerning the activity at hand. Mood is only slightly elevated. Time seem to pass very quickly.

Csikszentmihalyi states that flow occurs when the challenges presented by an activity are well-matched with your skills.

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35
Q

Awe

A

The feeling one experiences when they encounter an entity that is vast and challenges their worldview. Those who experience awe tend to be viewed as humble and maintain a balanced view of their own strengths and weaknesses.

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36
Q

Three components of happiness

A

Overall satisfaction with life, satisfaction with how things are going in particular life domains, and high levels of positive emotion and generally low levels of negative emotion

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37
Q

Self-determination theory

A

Proposed by Ryan and Deci (Satre would “probably agree”). States that the more time one spends pursuing hedonistic well-being, the greater chance one has of living a life of selfishness and materialism. In contrast, Eudaimonia involves finding the meaning of life instead of such surface-level, shallow, immediate pleasures.

38
Q

Three major sources of happiness

A
  1. One’s individual setpoint (baseline happiness). Genetically influenced as there is some heritability in how people react to negative events (neuroticism). Also linked to extraversion
  2. Objective life experiences - rather small effect, examples include age, education, being married, and earning money
  3. Intentional activity, like “looking on the bright side,” “making time for things that matter,” “counting your blessings”
39
Q

Trend of happiness vs age

A

Increases pretty steadily after the age of 13, then peaks between 50 and 60, and then declines rapidly thereafter

40
Q

Potential consequences of too much happiness

A
  1. May lead to failure to recognize risky situations or to pouring too much energy into unproductive pursuits
  2. Happiness may be felt at the “wrong time” - and prevent one from trying to make things better
  3. “Trying to be happy” is often counterproductive. Failing to become “happy enough” can be disappointing
  4. Arrogance or hubris of narcissists can hurt relationships
41
Q

High scores in which Big Five traits are associated with high levels of happiness?

A

High extraversion, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

Cause and effect relationship arrow runs both directions!

42
Q

Moral and cultural relativism

A

One cannot judge others based on their own moral code or based on their own culture (respectively)

43
Q

Principle of Parsimony

A

George Kelly’s idea that, all other aspects being equal, the simplest theory is always best

44
Q

Behaviorists believe that one’s ___ influences their behavior most strongly

A

environment/situation

45
Q

John B Watson

A

Behaviorist who performed the Little Albert experiment

46
Q

Affective forecasting

A

Predicting how an event will make one feel. Trends in research show that people tend to overestimate the effect an event will have on their life

47
Q

Stimulus-response associations

A

Early behaviorists believed that individuals, through learning, build repertoires of S-R associations that determine how they respond to given stimuli.

48
Q

Thorndike’s Puzzle Boxes

A

Thorndike was a behaviorist and he practiced experiments in operant conditioning in which hungry cats would be put in puzzle boxes. The cats could only escape and eat the treats outside the boxes by pressing a lever or pulling a wire, etc. The time it took the cats to complete the task decreased exponentially the more times they were put in the box

49
Q

Respondent conditioning

A

The conditioned response is essentially passive with no impact of its own. Ex: Pavlov’s dogs’ salivation just happened to be followed by food, it did not bring it about. This is different from operant conditioning (Thorndike’s cats) in which the conditioned response is carried out as an operation that brings about reinforcement

Respondent conditioning is the same as classical conditioning!

50
Q

Social Learning Theory

A

The way that people think, plan, and perceive, as well as their social environment, affects learning

51
Q

Bandura’s Social Learning Theory

A

Most famous and influential version of SLT. Put self-efficacy in a central role and emphasized the goal of psychotherapy to be the improvement of self-efficacy. Major emphasis on observational learning (think of the Bobo Doll experiment)

52
Q

Idiographic Goals

A

Those that are unique to the individuals who pursue them

53
Q

Nomothetic Goals

A

A relatively small number of essential goals that virtually everyone pursues.

54
Q

Defensive pessimism

A

Constantly expecting the worst. Helps avoid disappointment and motivates goal-seeking behavior, driven by attempts to avoid almost certain doom

55
Q

Sources of emotion

A

Immediate stimuli, as a conditioned response to a conditioned stimulus, and memories/thoughts

56
Q

Paul Ekman

A

Argued that there are a few core emotions that have substantially the same meaning around the world, which are happiness, sadness, anger, fear, surprise, and disgust

57
Q

CAPS

A

Cognitive-Affective Personality System. Proposed by Mischel. Asserts the idea that the most important aspect of one’s personality is the interaction between personality and cognition.

Everyone has a CAPS, and it is a “stable system that mediates how the individual selects, construes, and processes social information and generates social behaviors

58
Q

If…then contingencies

A

Sets of stimuli and corresponding responses that have been constructed by one’s learning and experiences

They are a major component of Mischel’s theory of personality. He wanted them to replace personality traits

59
Q

Behavioral signature

A

Proposed by Mischel. It is each individual’s pattern of contingencies, which is unique

60
Q

BEATS

A

Carol Dweck’s idea that personality emerges from one’s mental representations, which are beliefs, emotions, and action tendencies (BEATS) that are relevant to one’s most important goals.

Dweck believes that everyone has basic motivations that drive everything they do and the creation of their BEATS. The result is consistent patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior (like personality traits).

Dweck comes close to bridging the gap between cognitive behavioral theory and traditional trait theory

61
Q

R. Buckminster Fuller

A

Refers to personality as a verb - it actually encompasses several verbs: thinking, wanting, and feeling

62
Q

The DSM IV is more ____ whereas the DSM V is more ____ grounded

A

traditional; scientifically

63
Q

Five general characteristics of personality disorders

A

Unusual, tend to cause problems, affect social relations, stable over time, and (in some cases) the person with the disorder does not even realize

64
Q

Ego-syntonic personality disorders

A

Disorders in which the person with the disorder does not think anything is wrong. They may think that other people have issues especially if those others have a problem with the one with a disorder.

Ex: Antisocial and narcissistic disorders

65
Q

Ego-dystonic

A

Describes personality disorders in which the sufferer is aware of their problems and would like to be cured. Symptoms often manifest as confusion, depression, or anxiety.

66
Q

Cluster A of DSM IV

A

Odd and eccentric personality disorders

Includes schizotypal, schizoid, and paranoid

67
Q

Cluster B of DSM V

A

Impulsive and erratic disorders

Includes: histrionic, narcissistic, antisocial, and borderline

68
Q

Cluster C of DSM V

A

Anxious and avoidant personality disorders

Includes: dependent, avoidant, and OCPD

69
Q

Dependent PD

A

Basic belief: “I am helpless”

Resultingly, they latch onto people that they think will take care of them

70
Q

Avoidant PD

A

Basic belief: “I may get hurt”, intense fear of failure

Result/Behavior: Avoidance, severe constriction of their interpersonal world

Cluster: A

71
Q

Paranoid PD

A

Belief: “People are dangerous”

Action: Wariness

Cluster: A

72
Q

Narcissistic PD

A

Belief: “I am special and entitled”, lack of empathy

Behavior: Self-aggrandizement

Cluster: B

73
Q

Histrionic

A

Belief: “I need to impress”

Behavior: Dramatics

Cluster: B

74
Q

Obsessive Compulsive PD

A

Belief: “I must not err”, also severely judgmental of others

Behavior: Perfectionism, inability to throw things away

Cluster: C

Possible treatments include SSRIs and other antidepressants (shows how OCPD may be driven by anxiety, depression, and general unhappiness)

75
Q

Antisocial PD

A

Belief: “Others are to be taken”

Behavior: Attack, vandalism, harassment, theft. In general, highly impulsive

Cluster: B

Most psychopaths meet the criteria for APD, but not all APD patients meet the criteria for psychopathy

76
Q

Schizoid PD

A

Belief: “I need plenty of space”

Behavior: Isolation

Cluster: A

77
Q

Borderline PD

A

Thought pattern: Confused thinking and chaotic emotions, poor sense of identity. HALLMARK = unstable emotions

Behavior: Disorganized and unpredictable behavior. Often includes self-harm (even suicide in 8-10% of sufferers)

Cluster: B

This is the most severe PD out there. Origins are potentially in genetics and emotional learning. Much more common in women

78
Q

Schizotypal PD

A

Thought pattern: Peculiar thoughts (not any in particular)

Behavior: Odd actions

Cluster: A

79
Q

The Bad Five

Name the traits of the Big Five to which each one is connected

A 
Negative affectivity (high neuroticism)
Detachment (low extraversion)
Antagonism (low agreeableness)
Disinhibition (low conscientiousness)
Psychoticism (similar to extreme high end of openness to experience
80
Q

Dialectical behavioral therapy

A

Teaches emotional self-control in individual or group settings. Involves examination of past inappropriate emotional reactions and analysis of how similar situations could be handled better.

Major, promising treatment for Borderline PD

81
Q

Steps of Diagnosing a PD, according to the DSM V

A
  1. Is the client’s personality-functioning seriously impaired and to what degree?
  2. Is one of the six PDs defined in the DSM present?
  3. Assess the degree to which the client is characterized by each of the five maladaptive traits (The Bad Five)
82
Q

Criticism of the DSM-IV’s labeling

A

This version had a label for everything from compulsive gambling to coffee nerves defined as a mental disorder, which threatened to undermine the meaning of the concept altogether

83
Q

Jackson’s study on longevity and personality

A

Looked at ratings from subjects’ friends that were collected more than 75 years ago and then looked to see how long each subject lived.

Men who were higher in conscientiousness and openness, and women higher in agreeableness and more emotionally stable tended to live longer

84
Q

What quality of physical health is associated with high negative emotionality?

A

Has proven to be linked with both good and poor physical health.

85
Q

Emotionality affects health by ….

A

eliciting behaviors that affect levels of stress and affecting the frequency of health-enhancing behaviors

86
Q

Describe the relationship between conscientiousness and physical health.

A

High conscientiousness is associated with living longer and having a better quality of life with more positive outcomes. Those who are high in conscientiousness are more likely to engage in health-enhancing behaviors

87
Q

Judgment Goals

A

Aiming to validate an attribute in oneself. Can get in the way of actually improving oneself

Ex: The goal of convincing yourself that you are desirable/popular/smart.

88
Q

Development Goal

A

Desire to actually improve oneself

Ex: Actually becoming smarter

89
Q

Entity Theories

A

Belief that personal qualities are unchangeable, so trying to change them would be pointless. Instead of trying to change them, the beholders just try to convince themselves they have high degree of [desirable trait] or low degree of [undesirable trait] - these are judgment goals!

90
Q

Incremental theories

A

Belief that ability and intelligence can be developed and change over time. Trying to do this comprises development goals

In contrast to entity theories.

91
Q

When is it disadvantageous to be an incremental theorist?

A

Suppose an incremental theorist and an entity theorist both fail at a task. The incremental theorist will ruminate on the lack of effort that they believe caused them to fail so much that they may not be able to move on to the next task. In contrast, the entity theorist is likely able to move on to the next task because their prior failure was simply due to “lack of ability” - therefore it is unrelated to the next task

Personality Theory (4 decks)

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