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Food Animal Medicine > Exam 4- Bovine Cardiac, Oral, Renal, Neuro disease > Flashcards

Exam 4- Bovine Cardiac, Oral, Renal, Neuro disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the internal and external anatomical landmarks for the bovine heart?

A

Heart within intercostal spaces 3-6. Elbow rests at approximately the fifth ICS and is a good starting place for auscultation.

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2
Q

On which side of the cow will you find the apex heartbeat?

A

More heart in left hemithorax (louder on left, apex beat)

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3
Q

Where do you assess the 4 heart valves in cattle?

A

3 of the 4 valves assessed on the left side:
* Pulmonic valve: left ICS 3
* Aortic valve: left ICS 4, slightly dorsal
* Mitral (Left AV) valve: left ICS 5
1 on right:
* Tricuspid (Right AV) valves: right ICS 3-4

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4
Q

What are key parts of bovine PE for assessment of cardiac disease?

A

Heart rate and rhythm, intensity and location of heart sounds, murmurs, pulse character, venous fill, peripheral perfusion, overall attitude/strength of animal, BCS, respiratory signs

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5
Q

What are clinical signs of heart failure in cattle?

A

syncope, exercise intolerance and
weakness, cough without respiratory disease

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6
Q

What are some PE findings consistent with heart failure in bovines?

A

Tachycardia, Abnormal heart sounds, Jugular distention, peripheral edema, jugular pulse, ascites, cough without respiratory disease

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7
Q

How can you distinguish congestive heart failure from heart failure in bovines?

A

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is distinguished from HF by the presence of effusion and edema, which are the result of increased hydrostatic pressure and fluid retention

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8
Q

What are the 3 components of the heart which are affected in disease states?

A

*Pericardium
*Myocardium
*Endocardium

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9
Q

What are differentials for cardiac disease involving the pericardium in bovines?

A
  • Traumatic reticulopericarditis (TRP)
  • Pericarditis from extension of pleural or pulmonary infection
  • Neoplastic effusion from lymphoma or mesothelioma
    *Idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion
    *Idiopathic aseptic pericarditis
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10
Q

What are differentials for cardiac disease involving the myocardium in bovines?

A
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy (primary, hereditary in HO)
  • Myocarditis (viral, bacterial, parasitic infection)
  • Nutritional cardiomyopathy (vit E and Sel deficiency, Cu deficiency)
  • Toxic cardiomyopathy (ionophore: monensin, lasalocid)
  • Cor pulmonale (pulmonary hypertension from low O2  2° right sided CHF)
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11
Q

What are differentials for cardiac disease involving the endocardium in bovines?

A
  • Bacterial endocarditis (often vegetative, often T. pyogenes)
  • Valvular dyplasia (less common than BE)
  • Blood cysts (usually not problematic)
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12
Q

What is the most important differential for cardiac disease involving conduction abnormalities in bovines?

A
  • Atrial fibrillation (most common)
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13
Q

What conditions are often associated with atrial fibrillation in bovines? How is A fib treated?

A
  • Irregularly, irregular rhythm
  • Usually associated with gastrointestinal disease & metabolic abnormalities
  • Often resolves with resolution of the GI problem
  • Prognosis fair if no structural changes; may attempt to convert with quinidine in certain animals
  • Uncommon consequence of dilation
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14
Q

What are differentials for congenital cardiac disease in bovines? Which are cyanotic and non-cyanotic?

A

Non-cyanotic defects:
* VSD, ASD
* PDA without pulmonary hypertension
Cyanotic defects:
* Tetralogy/Pentalogy of Fallot *Eisenmenger’s complex with R to L shunt

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15
Q

What are the most common types of congenital heart defects in cattle?

A

VSD>ASD

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16
Q

What diagnostics can help narrow down bovine cardiac differentials?

A

*Imaging of heart size, function, space occupying lesions
-Echocardiography with pulmonary ultrasound > thoracic radiography
*Inflammation leukogram and increased APP suggest infectious cause
*↑Myocardial isoenzymes for CK and LDH, troponin suggest muscle damage but still relatively non-specific

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17
Q

What is Cor pulmonale?

A

Pulmonary hypertension from low O2 -> 2° right sided CHF

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18
Q

What toxins cause cardiac signs in bovines?

A

Ionophore OD- monensin, lasalocid

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19
Q

What deficiencies cause cardiomyopathy in bovines?

A

Vit E and Sel deficiency, Cu deficiency

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20
Q

What is the most common disease of the endocardium in bovines?

A

Bacterial endocarditis (often vegetative, often T. pyogenes)

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21
Q

What are the clinical sign of right sided CHF vs left sided CHF? What signs are common to both?

A

R CHF: ventral edema, jugular distention, pleural effusion
L CHF: pulmonary edema, cough
Both: Tachycardia, weakness

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22
Q

Is right sided or left sided CHF more common in cattle?

A

Typically right sided CHF, Left sided less common

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23
Q

What causes heart failure, generally?

A

Sequela to progressive, negative structural changes & ↓ cardiac output
Structural changes can be from A fib associated with GI disease and metabolic abnormalities

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24
Q

In cattle, what is the prognosis for CHF/HF? Congenital defects? A fib?

A

CHF/HF- poor to guarded
Congenital defects- poor to guarded
A fib- fair if no structural changes

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25
Q

How can you differentiate heart disease from respiratory disease if both have similar signs?

A

Usually need cardiothoracic imaging to confirm diagnosis and accurately prognosticate
* Assess heart size, function, fluid accumulation

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26
Q

What are treatment options for CHF in bovines?

A
  • Attempt prolonged antibiotic therapy if infectious (this is extra label drug use)
  • Careful drainage of significant effusions if possible
  • Reduce hydrostatic pressure and fluid retention with diuretics (furosemide)
  • Monitor electrolytes
  • Supportive care
  • Controlled salt and water in take
  • Reduce competitive interactions with herd mates
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27
Q

What normal finding can be confused with CHF in bovines?

A

Peripheral edema is common in recently fresh 1st lactation heifers – not cardiac in origin but can mimic edema associated with CHF.

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28
Q

What number is the basis for all of the beef industry?

A

55,000 lbs

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29
Q

What is the number one disease of the beef industry?

A

Respiratory disease

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30
Q

What is the number one disease of the dairy industry?

A

Mastitis

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31
Q

What is another name for grass tetany?

A

Hypomagnesemia

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32
Q

What are the 3 development stages in beef animals?

A

Cow/calf -> Stocker/weaner -> feedlot

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33
Q

What is the main goal of the cow/calf operation?

A

Turn grass into calves

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34
Q

What is the main goal of the feedlot/finisher?

A

Turn grain into beef

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35
Q

What are differentials for swelling under the jaw in a cow?

A

Lumpy jaw, tooth root abscess, Neoplasia, Wooden tongue

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36
Q

What is the causative agent of bovine lumpy jaw?

A

Actinomyces bovis

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37
Q

What is the main clinical sign of lumpy jaw?

A

Non-painful submandibular hard, bony swelling

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38
Q

Where do the pathogens responsible for lumpy jaw and wooden tongue come from?

A

Normal oral flora of cattle. Gain entry to tissue via trauma from rough feed

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39
Q

What is the causative agent of wooden tongue?

A

Actinobacillus lignieresi

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40
Q

What is the most important clinical sign of wooden tongue?

A

Hard, painful, swollen tongue with stomatitis/granulomas

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41
Q

Are causative agents of wooden tongue and lumpy jaw Gram + or - ?

A

Actinomyces bovis (lumpy jaw) Gr +
Actinobacillus lignieresi (wooden tongue) Gr -

42
Q

What are differentials for stridor/respiratory distress in a calf?

A

Calf diphtheria, foreign body, congenital abnormality

43
Q

What are risk factors for calf diptheria?

A

Overcrowding, poor ventilation, history of respiratory disease, viral infection

44
Q

What is the causative agent of calf diptheria? Where doe it come from?

A

The primary cause:
Histophilus somnus, normal flora of URT, Followed by:
abscess formation with Fusobacterium necrophorum, pathogen

45
Q

What is another name for calf diptheria?

A

Necrotic laryngitis

46
Q

What is the typical case of calf diptheria?

A

Weaned calf, poor ventilation, overcrowding

47
Q

What are the clinical signs of calf diphtheria?

A

Inspiratory stridor, respiratory distress, halitosis

48
Q

How can you prevent necrotic laryngitis?

A

Management! Don’t overcrowd, ventilation, vaccination maybe

49
Q

What diseases are associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum? Gr + or - ?

A

Calf diphtheria/necrotic laryngitis, Foot rot, Caval Syndrome/Liver abscesses.
Gram negative anaerobe.

50
Q

What are differentials for vesicles and erosions on mucosal membranes/oral cavity and inappetence in a calf?

A

FMDV (FAD), Vesicular stomatitis virus (mostly in horses), Blue tongue virus (endemic in USA), papular stomatitis virus, Malignant cattaharal fever, BVDV, IBR, ORF (mostly sm ruminants), BHV

51
Q

What is the diagnostic plan for a calf with vesicles and erosions in the oral cavity?

A

Call DATCP/WVDL! Test for FMD, then mimic panel

52
Q

What age of cattle are at highest risk for Bovine papular stomatitis virus infection and clinical disease?

A

Calves 2 weeks to 1 year

53
Q

How is BPSV treated?

A

Regresses on its own. May feed different way to get them to eat

54
Q

What is a particular concern with BPSV infection?

A

Zoonotic

55
Q

What are typical clinical signs of FMDV infection?

A

Mostly sub-clinical, much more morbidity than mortality. Subtle foot lesions that progress to more obvious lame/pain/swelling. Drooling, subtle mucosal lesions progress to oral ulcers and erosions. Late erosions on tongue and in the rumen.

56
Q

What are the bottlenecks of the ruminant male urethra?

A

Sigmoid flexure, urethral process in small ruminants

57
Q

At what age should male ruminants be castrated and why?

A

> 3-4 weeks of age. Need testosterone to stimulate growth of urethra/urethral diameter. Early castration leads to urethral narrowing and increased risk of urolithiasis

58
Q

What types of kidneys do ruminants have?

A

Bovine: lobulated, Ovine/Caprine: non-lobulated

59
Q

How do you palpate bovine kidneys?

A

Rectal, can feel the left kidney on the right side (pushed by rumen). Right is too cranial to feel.

60
Q

What are 3 causes of pre-renal azotemia in ruminants?

A

Dehydration, hemorrhage, septic shock

61
Q

What are signs of dehydration?

A

Skin tent, tacky MM, eye recession, CRT low, tachycardia if acute, PCV/TP elevated, lactate elevated, concentrated urine unless renal failure

62
Q

What are signs of hemorrhage?

A

MM color pale, CRT low, tachycardia, PCV/TP low

63
Q

What are signs of septic shock?

A

MM with toxic line, systemic signs like inappetence, not wanting to move, +/- fever, PCV/TP elevated

64
Q

What is the one best test for azotemia in bovines?

A

There isn’t one- have to look at trends over time

65
Q

How do we measure USG in large animals?

A

Refractometer only- dipstick not accurate

66
Q

What are the different types of casts? What conditions are they associated with? Acute or chronic?

A

1) Hyaline (fat, cells) - pyelonephritis, CRF CHRONIC
2) RBC - trauma, glomerulonephritis ACUTE
3) WBC - infectious nephritis: pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis,
inflammation, Corynebacterium infection ACUTE
4) Granular advanced RF CHRONIC

67
Q

What are prognoses for prerenal, renal, and post renal azotemia?

A

pre-renal - Good
Renal/Post-renal- Bad

68
Q

What is the most accurate biochemical measure of azotemia in ruminants?

A

Creatinine, NOT BUN

69
Q

In bovine with high creatinine, what can be the causes?

A

-pre-renal azotemia aka dehydration
-musculature (Bulls)

70
Q

How do you differentiate pre-renal from post-renal azotemia in an animal with high creatinine?

A

Urine concentration- if concentrating urine appropriately it is pre-renal. If they are not concentrating urine appropriately it is renal.

71
Q

What are differentials for a right-sided ping in an adult dairy cow?

A

RDA, cecum, rumen, spiral colon

72
Q

What change in creatinine over 24 hours carries a favorable prognosis in a cow?

A

If you an reduce creatinine by 50% in 24 hours with fluid therapy, better prognosis.

73
Q

If a 700 kg cow is 8% dehydrated, what is her fluid deficit?

A

700 L * 0.08 = 56 liters

73
Q

How much of a fluid deficit should be administered as a bolus at the initiation of treatment? What is the maximum rate that the bolus can be administered?

A

50 % of deficit, max rate is 2 - 3 times maintenance rate of 1.45 L/hour, so no more than 4.35 L/hour

74
Q

What is the maintenance fluid requirement for a 700 kg cow? What is her fluid rate per hour?

A

700 kg * 50 ml/kg/day = 35,000 ml/day = 35 L/day at a rate of 1.45 L/hour

75
Q

What toxic substances can cause renal failure in ruminants?

A

Acorns, heavy metals, Myoglobin in large amounts (get stuck in glomeruli), Gentamycin, Oxytetracycline, NSAIDs ;

76
Q

What are differentials for neurologic fresh cows?

A

Metabolic (weak), septicemia (weak), peripheral neuropathy, nervous ketosis, Listeria, Rabies, BSE if in relevant area- older animals

77
Q

How has the USA avoided BSE?

A

Stopped feeding ruminant products back to ruminants, plus regular surveillance

78
Q

What are differentials for a calf that is down with a toxic line and dehydrated with pale MM?

A

Sepsis (failure of passive transfer, umbilically infection), bacterial meningitis, severe dehydration (metabolic acidosis)

79
Q

What do calves with metabolic acidosis not have?

A

Suckle reflex

80
Q

What diseases are associated with Histophilus somni?

A

BRD, Calf diphtheria, Thrombo Embolic MEningoencephalitis

81
Q

Differentials for central neuro deficits with Dorsomedial strabismus and is blind (no menace)?

A

Toxicity- lead, polioencephalomalacia, vitamin A toxicosis, rabies

82
Q

What is the etiopathogenesis of thrombotic meningoencephalitis?

A

H. somni normal flora in URT + high stress/overcrowding/poor ventilation -> BRD -> bacteremia -> vasculitis -> thrombotic meningoencephalitis

83
Q

Brain that fluoresces on Wood’s lamp is pathognomonic for what disease? What CS is also pathognomonic?

A

Polioencephalomalacia. Dorsomedial strabismus and blindness.

84
Q

What vitamin is Thiamine?

A

Vitamin B 1

85
Q

What does thiamine do?

A

Co-factor in aerobic metabolism

86
Q

What are some common causes of polioencephalomalacia?

A

Sulfide gas, sulfur in molasses, gypsum, pond with high sulfur, Thiamine

86
Q

What is a possible issue with animals overdosed with thiamine?

A

Polioencephalomalacia

87
Q

What is a typical scenario that results in calf salt toxicity?

A

Diarrhea, given milk replacer and OES -> too much salt

88
Q

What is the treatment for salt toxicity?

A

Drop sodium SLOWLY, have to monitor

89
Q

Head tilt, ear droop, circling are pathognomonic for what disease?

A

Circling disease aka listeria monocytogenes

90
Q

How does Listeria get to the CNS?

A

Normal soil flora -> mouth -> trigeminal nerve -> motile with fimbriae -> ascend to brainstem -> abscesses -> neuro signs

90
Q

What is a concern with Listeria infections in cattle?

A

Zoonotic

90
Q

Which paralytic clostridial disease is central and which is peripheral? What neurotransmitters are involved?

A

Tatanus=Central (PABA)
Botulism=Peripheral (Acetylcholine)

91
Q

What are the 3 issues associated with listeria infections?

A

Meningoencephalitis focal in brainstem, generalized meningitis, abortion

92
Q

How are paralytic clostridial diseases treated? Prognosis?

A

Remove source of food (wet crappy round bales) and supportive care for 10 -14 days. Guarded prognosis.

93
Q
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Food Animal Medicine (6 decks)

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