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Food Animal Medicine > Exam 4- Bovine Cardiac, Oral, Renal, Neuro disease > Flashcards

Exam 4- Bovine Cardiac, Oral, Renal, Neuro disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the internal and external anatomical landmarks for the bovine heart?

A

Heart within intercostal spaces 3-6. Elbow rests at approximately the fifth ICS and is a good starting place for auscultation.

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2
Q

On which side of the cow will you find the apex heartbeat?

A

More heart in left hemithorax (louder on left, apex beat)

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3
Q

Where do you assess the 4 heart valves in cattle?

A

3 of the 4 valves assessed on the left side:
* Pulmonic valve: left ICS 3
* Aortic valve: left ICS 4, slightly dorsal
* Mitral (Left AV) valve: left ICS 5
1 on right:
* Tricuspid (Right AV) valves: right ICS 3-4

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4
Q

What are key parts of bovine PE for assessment of cardiac disease?

A

Heart rate and rhythm, intensity and location of heart sounds, murmurs, pulse character, venous fill, peripheral perfusion, overall attitude/strength of animal, BCS, respiratory signs

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5
Q

What are clinical signs of heart failure in cattle?

A

syncope, exercise intolerance and
weakness, cough without respiratory disease

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6
Q

What are some PE findings consistent with heart failure in bovines?

A

Tachycardia, Abnormal heart sounds, Jugular distention, peripheral edema, jugular pulse, ascites, cough without respiratory disease

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7
Q

How can you distinguish congestive heart failure from heart failure in bovines?

A

Congestive heart failure (CHF) is distinguished from HF by the presence of effusion and edema, which are the result of increased hydrostatic pressure and fluid retention

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8
Q

What are the 3 components of the heart which are affected in disease states?

A

*Pericardium
*Myocardium
*Endocardium

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9
Q

What are differentials for cardiac disease involving the pericardium in bovines?

A
  • Traumatic reticulopericarditis (TRP)
  • Pericarditis from extension of pleural or pulmonary infection
  • Neoplastic effusion from lymphoma or mesothelioma
    *Idiopathic hemorrhagic pericardial effusion
    *Idiopathic aseptic pericarditis
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10
Q

What are differentials for cardiac disease involving the myocardium in bovines?

A
  • Dilated cardiomyopathy (primary, hereditary in HO)
  • Myocarditis (viral, bacterial, parasitic infection)
  • Nutritional cardiomyopathy (vit E and Sel deficiency, Cu deficiency)
  • Toxic cardiomyopathy (ionophore: monensin, lasalocid)
  • Cor pulmonale (pulmonary hypertension from low O2  2° right sided CHF)
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11
Q

What are differentials for cardiac disease involving the endocardium in bovines?

A
  • Bacterial endocarditis (often vegetative, often T. pyogenes)
  • Valvular dyplasia (less common than BE)
  • Blood cysts (usually not problematic)
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12
Q

What is the most important differential for cardiac disease involving conduction abnormalities in bovines?

A
  • Atrial fibrillation (most common)
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13
Q

What conditions are often associated with atrial fibrillation in bovines? How is A fib treated?

A
  • Irregularly, irregular rhythm
  • Usually associated with gastrointestinal disease & metabolic abnormalities
  • Often resolves with resolution of the GI problem
  • Prognosis fair if no structural changes; may attempt to convert with quinidine in certain animals
  • Uncommon consequence of dilation
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14
Q

What are differentials for congenital cardiac disease in bovines? Which are cyanotic and non-cyanotic?

A

Non-cyanotic defects:
* VSD, ASD
* PDA without pulmonary hypertension
Cyanotic defects:
* Tetralogy/Pentalogy of Fallot *Eisenmenger’s complex with R to L shunt

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15
Q

What are the most common types of congenital heart defects in cattle?

A

VSD>ASD

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16
Q

What diagnostics can help narrow down bovine cardiac differentials?

A

*Imaging of heart size, function, space occupying lesions
-Echocardiography with pulmonary ultrasound > thoracic radiography
*Inflammation leukogram and increased APP suggest infectious cause
*↑Myocardial isoenzymes for CK and LDH, troponin suggest muscle damage but still relatively non-specific

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17
Q

What is Cor pulmonale?

A

Pulmonary hypertension from low O2 -> 2° right sided CHF

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18
Q

What toxins cause cardiac signs in bovines?

A

Ionophore OD- monensin, lasalocid

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19
Q

What deficiencies cause cardiomyopathy in bovines?

A

Vit E and Sel deficiency, Cu deficiency

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20
Q

What is the most common disease of the endocardium in bovines?

A

Bacterial endocarditis (often vegetative, often T. pyogenes)

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21
Q

What are the clinical sign of right sided CHF vs left sided CHF? What signs are common to both?

A

R CHF: ventral edema, jugular distention, pleural effusion
L CHF: pulmonary edema, cough
Both: Tachycardia, weakness

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22
Q

Is right sided or left sided CHF more common in cattle?

A

Typically right sided CHF, Left sided less common

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23
Q

What causes heart failure, generally?

A

Sequela to progressive, negative structural changes & ↓ cardiac output
Structural changes can be from A fib associated with GI disease and metabolic abnormalities

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24
Q

In cattle, what is the prognosis for CHF/HF? Congenital defects? A fib?

A

CHF/HF- poor to guarded
Congenital defects- poor to guarded
A fib- fair if no structural changes

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25
How can you differentiate heart disease from respiratory disease if both have similar signs?
Usually need cardiothoracic imaging to confirm diagnosis and accurately prognosticate * Assess heart size, function, fluid accumulation
26
What are treatment options for CHF in bovines?
* Attempt prolonged antibiotic therapy if infectious (this is extra label drug use) * Careful drainage of significant effusions if possible * Reduce hydrostatic pressure and fluid retention with diuretics (furosemide) * Monitor electrolytes * Supportive care * Controlled salt and water in take * Reduce competitive interactions with herd mates
27
What normal finding can be confused with CHF in bovines?
Peripheral edema is common in recently fresh 1st lactation heifers – not cardiac in origin but can mimic edema associated with CHF.
28
What number is the basis for all of the beef industry?
55,000 lbs
29
What is the number one disease of the beef industry?
Respiratory disease
30
What is the number one disease of the dairy industry?
Mastitis
31
What is another name for grass tetany?
Hypomagnesemia
32
What are the 3 development stages in beef animals?
Cow/calf -> Stocker/weaner -> feedlot
33
What is the main goal of the cow/calf operation?
Turn grass into calves
34
What is the main goal of the feedlot/finisher?
Turn grain into beef
35
What are differentials for swelling under the jaw in a cow?
Lumpy jaw, tooth root abscess, Neoplasia, Wooden tongue
36
What is the causative agent of bovine lumpy jaw?
Actinomyces bovis
37
What is the main clinical sign of lumpy jaw?
Non-painful submandibular hard, bony swelling
38
Where do the pathogens responsible for lumpy jaw and wooden tongue come from?
Normal oral flora of cattle. Gain entry to tissue via trauma from rough feed
39
What is the causative agent of wooden tongue?
Actinobacillus lignieresi
40
What is the most important clinical sign of wooden tongue?
Hard, painful, swollen tongue with stomatitis/granulomas
41
Are causative agents of wooden tongue and lumpy jaw Gram + or - ?
Actinomyces bovis (lumpy jaw) Gr + Actinobacillus lignieresi (wooden tongue) Gr -
42
What are differentials for stridor/respiratory distress in a calf?
Calf diphtheria, foreign body, congenital abnormality
43
What are risk factors for calf diptheria?
Overcrowding, poor ventilation, history of respiratory disease, viral infection
44
What is the causative agent of calf diptheria? Where doe it come from?
The primary cause: Histophilus somnus, normal flora of URT, Followed by: abscess formation with Fusobacterium necrophorum, pathogen
45
What is another name for calf diptheria?
Necrotic laryngitis
46
What is the typical case of calf diptheria?
Weaned calf, poor ventilation, overcrowding
47
What are the clinical signs of calf diphtheria?
Inspiratory stridor, respiratory distress, halitosis
48
How can you prevent necrotic laryngitis?
Management! Don't overcrowd, ventilation, vaccination maybe
49
What diseases are associated with Fusobacterium necrophorum? Gr + or - ?
Calf diphtheria/necrotic laryngitis, Foot rot, Caval Syndrome/Liver abscesses. Gram negative anaerobe.
50
What are differentials for vesicles and erosions on mucosal membranes/oral cavity and inappetence in a calf?
FMDV (FAD), Vesicular stomatitis virus (mostly in horses), Blue tongue virus (endemic in USA), papular stomatitis virus, Malignant cattaharal fever, BVDV, IBR, ORF (mostly sm ruminants), BHV
51
What is the diagnostic plan for a calf with vesicles and erosions in the oral cavity?
Call DATCP/WVDL! Test for FMD, then mimic panel
52
What age of cattle are at highest risk for Bovine papular stomatitis virus infection and clinical disease?
Calves 2 weeks to 1 year
53
How is BPSV treated?
Regresses on its own. May feed different way to get them to eat
54
What is a particular concern with BPSV infection?
Zoonotic
55
What are typical clinical signs of FMDV infection?
Mostly sub-clinical, much more morbidity than mortality. Subtle foot lesions that progress to more obvious lame/pain/swelling. Drooling, subtle mucosal lesions progress to oral ulcers and erosions. Late erosions on tongue and in the rumen.
56
What are the bottlenecks of the ruminant male urethra?
Sigmoid flexure, urethral process in small ruminants
57
At what age should male ruminants be castrated and why?
> 3-4 weeks of age. Need testosterone to stimulate growth of urethra/urethral diameter. Early castration leads to urethral narrowing and increased risk of urolithiasis
58
What types of kidneys do ruminants have?
Bovine: lobulated, Ovine/Caprine: non-lobulated
59
How do you palpate bovine kidneys?
Rectal, can feel the left kidney on the right side (pushed by rumen). Right is too cranial to feel.
60
What are 3 causes of pre-renal azotemia in ruminants?
Dehydration, hemorrhage, septic shock
61
What are signs of dehydration?
Skin tent, tacky MM, eye recession, CRT low, tachycardia if acute, PCV/TP elevated, lactate elevated, concentrated urine unless renal failure
62
What are signs of hemorrhage?
MM color pale, CRT low, tachycardia, PCV/TP low
63
What are signs of septic shock?
MM with toxic line, systemic signs like inappetence, not wanting to move, +/- fever, PCV/TP elevated
64
What is the one best test for azotemia in bovines?
There isn't one- have to look at trends over time
65
How do we measure USG in large animals?
Refractometer only- dipstick not accurate
66
What are the different types of casts? What conditions are they associated with? Acute or chronic?
1) Hyaline (fat, cells) - pyelonephritis, CRF CHRONIC 2) RBC - trauma, glomerulonephritis ACUTE 3) WBC - infectious nephritis: pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, inflammation, Corynebacterium infection ACUTE 4) Granular advanced RF CHRONIC
67
What are prognoses for prerenal, renal, and post renal azotemia?
pre-renal - Good Renal/Post-renal- Bad
68
What is the most accurate biochemical measure of azotemia in ruminants?
Creatinine, NOT BUN
69
In bovine with high creatinine, what can be the causes?
-pre-renal azotemia aka dehydration -musculature (Bulls)
70
How do you differentiate pre-renal from post-renal azotemia in an animal with high creatinine?
Urine concentration- if concentrating urine appropriately it is pre-renal. If they are not concentrating urine appropriately it is renal.
71
What are differentials for a right-sided ping in an adult dairy cow?
RDA, cecum, rumen, spiral colon
72
What change in creatinine over 24 hours carries a favorable prognosis in a cow?
If you an reduce creatinine by 50% in 24 hours with fluid therapy, better prognosis.
73
If a 700 kg cow is 8% dehydrated, what is her fluid deficit?
700 L * 0.08 = 56 liters
73
How much of a fluid deficit should be administered as a bolus at the initiation of treatment? What is the maximum rate that the bolus can be administered?
50 % of deficit, max rate is 2 - 3 times maintenance rate of 1.45 L/hour, so no more than 4.35 L/hour
74
What is the maintenance fluid requirement for a 700 kg cow? What is her fluid rate per hour?
700 kg * 50 ml/kg/day = 35,000 ml/day = 35 L/day at a rate of 1.45 L/hour
75
What toxic substances can cause renal failure in ruminants?
Acorns, heavy metals, Myoglobin in large amounts (get stuck in glomeruli), Gentamycin, Oxytetracycline, NSAIDs ;
76
What are differentials for neurologic fresh cows?
Metabolic (weak), septicemia (weak), peripheral neuropathy, nervous ketosis, Listeria, Rabies, BSE if in relevant area- older animals
77
How has the USA avoided BSE?
Stopped feeding ruminant products back to ruminants, plus regular surveillance
78
What are differentials for a calf that is down with a toxic line and dehydrated with pale MM?
Sepsis (failure of passive transfer, umbilically infection), bacterial meningitis, severe dehydration (metabolic acidosis)
79
What do calves with metabolic acidosis not have?
Suckle reflex
80
What diseases are associated with Histophilus somni?
BRD, Calf diphtheria, Thrombo Embolic MEningoencephalitis
81
Differentials for central neuro deficits with Dorsomedial strabismus and is blind (no menace)?
Toxicity- lead, polioencephalomalacia, vitamin A toxicosis, rabies
82
What is the etiopathogenesis of thrombotic meningoencephalitis?
H. somni normal flora in URT + high stress/overcrowding/poor ventilation -> BRD -> bacteremia -> vasculitis -> thrombotic meningoencephalitis
83
Brain that fluoresces on Wood's lamp is pathognomonic for what disease? What CS is also pathognomonic?
Polioencephalomalacia. Dorsomedial strabismus and blindness.
84
What vitamin is Thiamine?
Vitamin B 1
85
What does thiamine do?
Co-factor in aerobic metabolism
86
What are some common causes of polioencephalomalacia?
Sulfide gas, sulfur in molasses, gypsum, pond with high sulfur, Thiamine
86
What is a possible issue with animals overdosed with thiamine?
Polioencephalomalacia
87
What is a typical scenario that results in calf salt toxicity?
Diarrhea, given milk replacer and OES -> too much salt
88
What is the treatment for salt toxicity?
Drop sodium SLOWLY, have to monitor
89
Head tilt, ear droop, circling are pathognomonic for what disease?
Circling disease aka listeria monocytogenes
90
How does Listeria get to the CNS?
Normal soil flora -> mouth -> trigeminal nerve -> motile with fimbriae -> ascend to brainstem -> abscesses -> neuro signs
90
What is a concern with Listeria infections in cattle?
Zoonotic
90
Which paralytic clostridial disease is central and which is peripheral? What neurotransmitters are involved?
Tatanus=Central (PABA) Botulism=Peripheral (Acetylcholine)
91
What are the 3 issues associated with listeria infections?
Meningoencephalitis focal in brainstem, generalized meningitis, abortion
92
How are paralytic clostridial diseases treated? Prognosis?
Remove source of food (wet crappy round bales) and supportive care for 10 -14 days. Guarded prognosis.
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Food Animal Medicine (6 decks)

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