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Food Animal Medicine > Cow and Calf Diarrheal Disease > Flashcards

Cow and Calf Diarrheal Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 infectious causes of diarrhea in adult cattle?

A

-Salmonella
-BVDV
-Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Johne’s disease)

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2
Q

What serovar of Salmonella enterica is host adapted to cattle? What does this mean for infected animals?

A

Salmonella enterica Dublin. Infected animals can have lifelong infection (never cleared) with intermittent shedding. Typhoid Mary cow!

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3
Q

What are the 2 classic presentations of severe salmonellosis in adult cattle?

A

-Peracute hemorrhagic enterocolitis in cattle of any age
-Late term abortion

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4
Q

Historically what was the most important source of Salmonella infections? Today what is the most important source?

A

Historically: Contaminated animal by-product protein feeds
Today: Cow-to-cow transmission. Salmonellosis is endemic on many large dairies.

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5
Q

If you see hemorrhagic diarrhea across all age groups of cattle, what pathogens are you most suspicious of?

A

Salmonella or BVDV

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6
Q

What clinical signs are associated with enteric salmonellosis?

A

Classical peracute/acute enteric Salmonellosis ->severe hemorrhagic
enterocolitis, sudden onset bloody diarrhea with fever, depression, complete anorexia, rapid dehydration and possibly death.
However, the entire spectrum of enteritis may be seen, ranging from profuse loose, nonhemorrhagic stool through to almost inapparent disease.

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7
Q

What factors can impact the severity of disease in a cow exposed to salmonella? Which is the most important factor?

A

Immune status of the cow, the pathogenicity of the serotype and the infecting dose. Immune status of the cow is most important.

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8
Q

What diagnostic tests can be used to identify salmonellosis? Pros and cons?

A

Culture: Definitive proof requires isolation/identification of the organism from feces in the live animal or intestinal contents obtained at post mortem. Hard to grow Salmonella because rapidly overgrown by other enterics. Often need serial samples and collection method is finicky.
PCR: Better, offered by some labs
Serology: can identify carriers.

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9
Q

What constitutes diagnosis of salmonella Dublin carrier status in cattle?

A

3 positive ELISA tests over 9-12 month period

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10
Q

What is the treatment for salmonellosis in cattle?

A

1- Supportive fluid therapy – oral or intravenous fluids depending upon economics and severity of the fluid losses. In practice – hypertonic saline can be a very
valuable resuscitation fluid in the severely dehydrated animal, followed by oral fluids.
2- Antimicrobials are controversial and should only be considered in cases of bacteremia, which is more likely in calves.

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11
Q

How can salmonellosis be prevented in a herd?

A

Sanitation, isolation of diarrheic animals and identification of a point source if one exists.
Maintain a closed herd if possible –increasingly rare.
Currently available vaccines are not efficacious.

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12
Q

What is the general pathophysiology of Persistent BVDV infection and mucosal disease?

A

Animals infected in utero with non-pathogenic strain ->No immunity at all -> within 1st year get pathogenic strain -> mucosal disease -> 100% fatal

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13
Q

What clinical syndromes is BVDV infection associated with?

A

1- Reproductive failure – abortion at any stage
2- Congenital abnormalities.
3- Enteritis – that can vary from mild to severe, hemorrhagic and lifethreatening.
3- Hemorrhagic syndrome (thrombocytopenia)
4- Persistent infection and mucosal disease

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14
Q

What are signs of severe clinical disease associated with BVDV infection?

A

High fever (104F+)
Acute bloody diarrhea
Marked tachypnea
Erosions on hard and soft palate, tongue and gingiva

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15
Q

What are signs of moderate clinical disease associated with BVDV in healthy, well vaccinated cattle?

A

Moderate fever
Mild diarrhea
Self-limiting

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16
Q

Why are serological tests not useful in detecting BVDV positive cattle?

A

Vaccination makes results uninterpretable

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17
Q

How is BVDV treated?

A

Mild cases: Supportive – fresh water, palatable forages and no exogenous stressors
Severe cases: Fluid therapy (oral or i.v) Broad spectrum antibiotics due to the suppression of cellular and humoral immune function caused by BVDV.

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18
Q

What are the 2 cornerstones of BVDV prevention and control?

A

Identify and cull persistently infected animals and VACCINES

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19
Q

How can you identify animals that are persistently infected with BVDV on a herd level?

A

Skin/ear notch test all animals at birth.

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20
Q

What is the most common cause of chronic diarrhea in adult cattle?

A

Johne’s disease (Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis)

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21
Q

Why don’t dairy cows develop fulminate Johne’s disease?

A

They don’t live long enough

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22
Q

What impact does Johne’s disease have on a dairy herd?

A

Economic impact of subclinical infection on milk production and reproductive efficiency

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23
Q

How are cattle infected with Johne’s disease?

A

Infection is usually acquired in the immediate neonatal period (maternity area, dam, etc.), with a subsequent incubation period of 2-10 years.

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24
Q

What are the prominent clinical sign of Johne’s disease in cattle?

A

1- Chronic diarrhea – no blood, no fever
2- Weight loss
3- Production losses esp as progresses
4- Ventral edema due to hypoalbuminemia in advanced cases

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25
Q

How is Johne’s disease treated?

A

It is not treated except in very rare cases

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26
Q

How can Johne’s disease be prevented?

A

Limit potential exposure of new born calves to adult cow feces.
Use colostrum from tested, Johne’s negative cattle.
No vaccine.

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27
Q

What are signs of Winter Dysentery and when is it usually seen?

A

1-2 week outbreaks of watery diarrhea usually affecting first lactation heifers more severely.
Seen November through February.

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28
Q

What causes Jejunal hemorrhage Syndrome?

A

Aetiology is uncertain- complex disease.
Overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens type A within the small intestine and maybe Aspergillus fumigatus.

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29
Q

What is pathophysiology of Jejunal hemorrhage syndrome?

A

Blood clots cause small bowel obstruction and lead to colic, abdominal distension, +/- palpable loops of small bowel on rectal exam, and small volume bloody/melenic diarrhea.

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30
Q

What is the best treatment for jejunal hemorrhage syndrome? What is prognosis?

A

Surgical- Right flank laparotomy – manual massage of jejunal contents –approximately 60% prognosis. If obstructing clots cannot be relieved/reform quickly, or substantial
fibrinonecrotic bowel is present – grave prognosis.

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31
Q

How do feces associated with abomasal ulcer differ from those associated with jejunal hemorrhagic syndrome?

A

Classic ulcer: “engine oil” melena
JHS: Looks like abomasal ulcer, but with fresh blood too. “Strawberry jam”

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32
Q

What are risk factors associated with neonatal calf diarrhea?

A

Poor dry cow program (dams shedding more pathogens at time of birth into calving area)
Contaminated colostrum
Failure of passive transfer
Poor nutrition
Lack of water & comfort
Dirty environment
Exposure to adults
Group housing
Stressful management (Dehorning, Castration, Vaccination)
Change in Feed, Housing, Weather, Commingling
Inappropriate Vx/Tx

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33
Q

What sorts of things are considered stressors of calves?

A
  • Dehorning, Castration, Vaccination
  • Comingling
  • Changes in Feed, Housing, Weather
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34
Q

Why is it considered good practice to separate calves from the dam within 10 - 15 minutes of birth?

A

Removing calves from the maternity area within 10‐ 15 minutes of birth limits the number of unsuccessful attempts to stand and face‐first falls into bedding that is contaminated with manure and respiratory secretions from the adult animals. Early separation also prevents the calf from suckling dirty udders and consuming insufficient amounts of colostrum which contributes to failure of passive transfer.

35
Q

What behaviors are normal for a calf after birth and when are they expected to happen?

A

Sternal within 5 minutes
Attempting to stand by 10 minutes
Many face-first falls “manure meals”
Standing by 1 hour

36
Q

Where does exposure to neonatal calf diarrheal pathogens occur?

A

1- Calving pack – dirty bedding, dirty cows
2- Colostrum – not collected, cooled, or stored properly
3- Tube Feeders – not cleaned and disinfected between calves
4- Feeding equipment – clean and disinfect
5- Warming box – need to clean/disinfect between calves; avoid porous surfaces
6- Calf housing & bedding – clean/disinfect between calves; use adequate bedding; avoid porous surfaces
7- Contaminated people – limit traffic between adult herd and neonatal calves

37
Q

What are the 3 most common pathogens associated with neonatal calf diarrhea?

A

Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium

38
Q

What are peak ages for shedding of common neonatal calf diarrhea pathogens?

A

ETEC: 1 - 3 days
Rota, Corona, Crypto: 5 - 10 days
Salmonella, C. perfringens: any
Giardia, Coccidia: > 21 days

39
Q

What is the most common pathogen diagnosed in 1 - 3 week old calves with abnormal manure?

A

Cryptosporidium parvum

40
Q

What is the infective stage of cryptosporidium?

A

Oocyst

41
Q

How long does it take to start shedding Crypto? How long is the shedding period?

A

On average, after ingestion of the oocysts, it takes at least 3 days for this cycle to complete before shedding is noted. Shedding last approximately 10 days.

42
Q

How common is Crypto on dairy farms?

A

Nearly ubiquitous- found in 60‐90% of North American dairy herds.

43
Q

How does Cryptosporidium cause pathology?

A

Once ingested, oocysts undergo the process of excystation in which sporozoites are released into the intestinal lumen and invade the brush border of the intestinal epithelial cells.
After invasion, villous fusion, atrophy and crypt inflammation results in the malabsorptive and inflammatory diarrhea seen clinically.

44
Q

What type of cells does Crypto infect and where in the cell is it found? What effect does this have on treatment of infection?

A

One of the reasons that crypto is so difficult to treat is because it lives within a very specific location within the enterocyte: intracellular, yet extracytoplasmic.

45
Q

How does rotavirus cause pathology?

A

Infects enterocytes and causes villus atrophy & malabsorption

46
Q

How do you test for rotavirus and when is the best time to test?

A

PCR EARLY in course of disease

47
Q

What cells does coronavirus infect and how does it cause pathology?

A

Infects enterocytes AND COLONOCYTES
– Villous blunting = malabsorption
– Blood if colon involved

48
Q

What diarrheal pathogen can cause sloughing of intestinal casts?

A

Salmonella

49
Q

What type of disease does infection with Clostridium perfringens type A and C cause?

A

Necrotic enteritis, hemorrhagic abomasitis
Exotoxins damage intestinal & abomasal mucosa
– Severe enterotoxemia, rapid death without treatment
– Inflammation, necrosis → malabsorptive diarrhea

50
Q

How does enterotoxic E coli (ETEC) cause pathology?

A

– Adheres to enterocytes through fimbriae
– Little to no inflammation (no blood in manure)
– Secretory diarrhea due to enterotoxins

51
Q

Which calf diarrhea pathogens pose a threat to humans?

A

C. parvum, Salmonella spp., Giardia

52
Q

What is the protocol for routine, herd level testing for neonatal calf diarrhea pathogens? What levels of positive detections are considered problematic?

A

Collect fresh feces from 6 untreated calves that represent the age group affected on the farm. Change gloves between samples and do not pool samples. Use PCR to assess how many of the 6 samples are positive for each of the organism.
1. For rota, corona, crypto: > 2 positive tests out of 6 suggests a problem with that pathogen
2. For Salmonella: zero tolerance policy, any positives for typhimurium, newport, Dublin is problematic

53
Q

When does peak shedding generally occur?
How many calves will you test?
What test will you request?
1. ETEC
2. Cryptosporidium parvum
3. Rotavirus
4. Coronavirus
5. Salmonella
6. Coccidia

A
  1. ETEC: first 3 days of age
  2. Cryptosporidium parvum: 5 – 10 days of age
  3. Rotavirus: 5 – 10 days of age
  4. Coronavirus: 5 – 10 days of age
  5. Salmonella: anytime
  6. Coccidia: after 21 days of age
    Submit individual fecal samples from 6 calves (Don’t Pool).
    Request PCR tests appropriate for age of animals affected
54
Q

Why is it essential for neonatal calves to receive adequate colostrum?

A

Calves are born agammaglobulinemic due to type of placentation and require consumption of high‐quality colostrum
soon after birth to provide immunity.

55
Q

How long does colostral IgG last?

A

~ 3 weeks

56
Q

What are the components of colostrum?

A
  • Nutrients- High Fat and Protein content + Vitamins & Minerals
  • Antibodies
  • Non‐specific antimicrobials
  • Maternal leukocytes
  • Growth factors/Cytokines
  • Trypsin inhibitor- Protects IgG from proteolytic degradation in the calf GIT
57
Q

What type of immunoglobulin is most abundant in colostrum?

A
  • ~88% IgG
  • 5% IgA
  • 7% IgM
58
Q

What component of colostrum helps keep maternal IgG levels high in the calf?

A

Trypsin inhibitor

59
Q

How does the composition change from colostrum to milk?

A

-Total solids, fat, protein, IGF‐1, insulin all significantly decrease
-Concentration of lactose significantly
increases

60
Q

What are diagnostics used to determine IgG levels at the individual and herd level?

A

Individual calf IgG1 can be measured by radial immune diffusion assay (RID), gold standard, or through turbidometric immunoassays (TIA).
Indirect estimation of IgG1 is appropriate for herd level information (does the “herd”
have a problem with passive transfer). Serum TP is most common test used to estimate IgG1, but %Brix is equally acceptable.

61
Q

What IgG cut point is used to differentiate calves with adequate and inadequate passive transfer with regards to mortality?

A

1,000 mg/dl

62
Q

What was the old “mantra” for colostrum feeding? What is the new “mantra”?

A

OLD: 4 liters in 4 hrs
NEW: 4 liters in 1-2 hrs + 2 liters at 12 hrs

63
Q

By what means should colostrum be fed to neonatal calves?

A

Recommend tube feeding the first 4L (1 Gallon; 4 qts) of maternal colostrum within 1 – 2 hours of birth, and offer a second feeding of 2L (0.5 Gallon; 2 qts) by nipple bottle 12 hours after birth. DO NOT FORCE FEED THIS SECOND FEEDING.

64
Q

Why should colostrum be collected ASAP after parturition?

A

Deposition of IgG into milk/colostrum stops immediately after the calving process is
initiated. As the cow lets her milk down after calving, IgG becomes progressively diluted.

65
Q

What are 4 components of proper colostrum management?

A

1- Collect ASAP
2- Clean equipment
3- Proper storage- Refrigerate/freeze in small volumes (1 gallon)
4- Do not pool colostrum

66
Q

How can you assess passive transfer in an herd?

A

Monitor herd’s ability to deliver maternal colostrum by collecting blood from 12 calves 24 hours after birth to 7d of age and measure TP or Brix.

67
Q

What are the new goals for herd level passive transfer?

A

New guidelines (2020):
> 40% > 6.1 g/dL
> 70% > 5.7 g/dL

68
Q

What problems are associated with low IgG levels in calves?

A

Mortality, overall morbidity, diarrhea, respiratory disease

69
Q
  1. At what age should blood be collected for Passive transfer assessment?
  2. How many calves should be tested?
  3. What goal % > 5.7 g/dL?
  4. What goal % > 6.1 g/dL?
A
  1. 24 hr to 1 week
  2. 12 calves should be tested
  3. > 70% > 5.7 g/dL TP
  4. > 40% > 6.1 g/dL TP
70
Q

List 3 potential risk factors for failure of passive transfer

A
  • Low volume
  • Late timing of administration to calf
  • Delayed collection after calving
  • High bacterial counts in colostrum from dirty cows or
    dirty collection or feeding equipment
  • Pooling colostrum
71
Q

What is the new recommendation for calf feeding?

A

2 – 3 gallons whole milk per day

72
Q

What effect does providing calves with a higher plane of nutrition have?

A
  • Minimizes the effect of C. parvum on the neonatal calf
  • Minimize early life weight loss
73
Q

What volume of milk or milk replacer should an average sized Holstein calf drink per day?

A

2 to 2.5 gallons

74
Q

How does a higher plane of nutrition impact calves infected with C. parvum?

A

Better Average daily growth and feed efficiency

75
Q

What are the 3 measures of disease for neonatal calf diarrhea?

A

with abnormal manure, # treated, # detected

76
Q

How do you calculate the calf diarrhea farm detection rate? What is the goal for this metric?

A

Detection rate = # calves on treatment/
# calves Fecal Score >=2
* Visual detection of abnormal manure using fecal scores (DVM)
* Compare to farm treatment records (producer)
* GOAL ≥ 85%

77
Q

Describe the UW Calf Health Scoring Criteria for fecal assessment. Which scores are normal vs abnormal and when is treatment indicated?

A

0- normal
1- semi-formed, pasty
2- loose but remains on top of bedding
3- watery, sifts through bedding
0 - 1 normal manure- no Tx indicated
2 -3 abnormal manure- treatment indicated

78
Q

What differentiates mild from severe cases of neonatal diarrhea?

A

Mild cases
* FS = 2 – 3
* BAR or QAR
* Standing
* Good suckle and appetite
* Fecal blood minimal to none
Severe cases
* FS = 1 – 3
* Depressed, slow to stand, recumbent, non‐responsive
* Suckle minimal to none
* T>103 or < 100 °F)
* Frank blood in feces
* Dehydration

79
Q

When is it OK to use oral electrolyte solution (OES) in claves with diarrhea?

A

Must have healthy GI tract for OES ie suckle and/or chewing activity. DO NOT USE if abdomen is distended.

80
Q

What are the components of a high-quality OES and what are their functions?

A

High quality OES contain:
1. Sodium – needed to restore fluid deficits
2. Glucose, citrate, acetate, propionate, OR glycine – to facilitate Na+ absorption
3. Alkalinizing agent –to treat acidosis
- 50 – 80 mmol/L
- Acetate, propionate, bicarbonate
4. Supplemental energy – treat negative energy balance

81
Q

When should you avoid use of an OES?

A

Dehydrated, lack of suckle, ventral abdominal distention

82
Q

How do you calculate hydration deficit? How are hydration deficits corrected? What kinds of fluids are used in calves with diarrhea?

A
  • % Dehydration x Body Weight (kg) = L of fluid necessary
  • Correct half of hydration deficit (2 ‐ 3 L IV) over 4 – 6 hours then reassess clinical condition
  • Use isotonic IV fluids for rehydration
  • Should contain bicarbonate and dextrose to address acidosis and hypoglycemia
83
Q

What is a protocol for rapid resuscitation of a down and out calf?

A

Give 3 x 60 cc syringes of 7.2 % hypertonic saline plus one syringe 10 mL of 50% dextrose administered over 4 minutes (1 minute per syringe, give dextrose first). MUST follow immediately with 2L of warm water via esophageal feeder or bottle if
calf will suck.

Food Animal Medicine (6 decks)

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