Exam 4 Bio

Question 1

What is homeostasis?

Answer 1

Homeostasis is maintaining steady health ( 7.4 salt and glucose concentration.)

Question 2

How is diffusion important in both single and multicell organisms?

Answer 2

Single- Nutrient uptake, gas exchange, waste removal
Multicellular- Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange, intercellular respiration.

Question 3

Roles of Sensory Neurons

Answer 3

Receive information and pass it along

Question 4

Role of interneurons

Answer 4

Act as an intermediate by conducting a signal from sensory neurons

Question 5

Motor Neurons

Answer 5

Affect physiological change or movement in response to signals from sensory neurons.

Question 6

What is ventilation

Answer 6

The process of air or water passing over respiratory surfaces.

Question 6

What gasses are being exchanged in respiration

Answer 6

Carbon Dioxide and Oxygen

Question 6

Gills, how much oxygen is extracted?

Answer 6

Vascular structures extending from the body, the surface area of gills is greater than the surface area of the rest of the animal, ventilated by animals moving through water. 80% oxygen is extracted.

Question 7

Trachea respiration

Answer 7

network of tubes that branch throughout the body, networks of tubes that branch through the body, May be no need to combine circulation and respiration. Insects use these.

Question 8

Lungs

Answer 8

Centralized internal structures for gas exchange. Enters into the nasopharynx then the trachea- single tube, then enters one of two bronchi, becomes bronchioles, and lastly alveoli

Question 9

What is Negative pressure

Answer 9

Negative pressure draws air into the lungs. Positive expels.

Question 10

How hemoglobin functions in gas exchange and how conditions affect it

Answer 10

Respiratory pigments, are proteins comprised of four polypeptides: each has an iron-containing cofactor called a heme group. The iron can attract and bind to oxygen.

Question 11

What is myoglobin and what is it used for

Answer 11

Another respiratory pigment- it is usually associated with marine mammals that dive for an extended period. Myoglobin in tissue allows them to store and retain oxygen until released later in the dive.

Question 12

The role of a circulatory system

Answer 12

Drives bulk flow gas exchange, can be opened or closed.

Question 13

Open circulatory system

Answer 13

uses hemolymph: Blood empties into an open body cavity to supply the tissues with nutrients and is returned to circulation. Insects have this

Question 14

Closed circulatory system

Answer 14

Uses blood- Blood flows through connected blood vessels, pumped by muscular hearts. The blood flows through vessels to supply tissues with nutrients. Mammals and pretty much everything else uses this.

Question 15

Structure and function of heart

Answer 15

pumps blood throughout the body. Most blood exchange occurs in capillaries, which are called capillary beds. Multiple capillaries in close proximity are called capillary beds.

Question 16

Arteries

Answer 16

blood vessels that take blood from the heart towards capillary beds, arterioles are smaller branches of arteries.

Question 17

Veins

Answer 17

blood vessels that take blood from capillary beds towards the heart, venules are smaller branches of veins.

Question 18

The movement of blood through the human cardiovascular system

Answer 18

Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium superior venae cavae, passes through the right AV valve, and enters the right ventricle, blood is pumped into the pulmonary arteries through the pulmonary valve, and Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs to the left atrium. Oxygenated blood enters the left ventricle through the left AV valve. Lastly, oxygenated blood is pumped by the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the systemic circulation.

Question 19

Where does most exchange of material takes place with respect to the circulatory system

Answer 19

The most exchange of materials in the circulatory system occurs at the capillaries, which are the smallest and most numerous blood vessels in the body.

Question 20

How is the contraction of muscles in the heart coordinated

Answer 20

Coordinated by the nervous system

Question 21

Characteristics of Omnivores

Answer 21

Eats plants and meat, intermediate digestive tracts, versatile teeth, and high metabolic flexibility.

Question 22

Characteristics of Carnivores

Answer 22

Meat-eating only, sharp teeth, strong jaws, short digestive tracts.

Question 23

Characteristics of Herbivores

Answer 23

Herbivores exhibit specialized teeth, long and complex digestive systems, and specific enzymes or microbial partners to digest plant material effectively

Question 24

where to get essential Minerals

Answer 24

Need to get from an animals diet/ feeding.

Question 25

Essential Amino Acids

Answer 25

Only 12/20 amino acids can be synthesized by humans, the rest comes from diet. Essential fatty acids serve as precursors for phospholipids and steroids.

Question 26

what are viamins

Answer 26

Molecules that aid in biological processes

Question 27

Vitamin B

Answer 27

Usually cofactors for enzymes

Question 28

Vitamin C

Answer 28

Involved in the biosynthesis of connective tissue.

Question 29

Vitamin D

Answer 29

Helps absorb and use calcium

Question 30

Vitamin K

Answer 30

Helps with blood clotting- Vitamin K shot helps with blood clotting in newborns.

Question 31

Undernutrition

Answer 31

The consumption of too few calories, the body begins breaking down muscles for fuel.

Question 32

Malnutrition

Answer 32

Underconsumption of essential vitamins/nutrients. Lack of protein is most common.

Question 33

Ingestion

Answer 33

First step in obtaining nutrition, eating or feeding, begins in mouth

Question 34

Digestion

Answer 34

Second step in obtaining nutrition, breaking down the food into absorbable molecules. Small intestine

Question 35

Absorption

Answer 35

third step in obtaining nutrition, uptake of small molecules by the animal’s cells.

Question 36

Elimination

Answer 36

Fourth step in obtaining nutrition, undigested material passes through digestive system.

Question 37

Alimentary canal

Answer 37

An internal tube with openings at each end, movement is controlled by sphincters, contracting is called peristalsis

Question 38

Mouth and glottis and epiglottis

Answer 38

The digestive process begins in the mouth, which contains salivary glands that help break down food. The glottis allows air down the trachea, and the epiglottis is in charge of swallowing food and making sure that food and liquid go down the esophagus.

Question 39

Stomach

Answer 39

Digestion continues in the stomach, gastric juice is secreted by cells that line the stomach, and strong muscles surrounding the stomach keep churning the mix called chyme.

Question 40

Small Intestine

Answer 40

Much of digestion and almost all of absorption occur here, nutrients are absorbed by the cells at their apical surface and exit the basal surface to enter blood vessels.

Question 41

Pancreas

Answer 41

produces amylases, proteases, nucleases, and lipases, also produces bicarbonates which neutralize pH of chyme

Question 42

Liver

Answer 42

Produces bile which aids in utilization of lipids.

Question 43

Gallbladder

Answer 43

Bile is stored in gallbladder until secreted into small intestine

Question 44

Large Intestine

Answer 44

Involved in reabsorption of water. Colon takes up most length, rectum is at the end of the large intestine.

Question 45

Role of the immune system

Answer 45

to distinguish self from not-self and destroy not-self, not all molecules are considered a threat. Molecules recognized by an immune system are called antigens.

Question 46

Innate Immunity

Answer 46

Depends on broad traits of pathogens, Cell walls or cell membranes of bacteria, and cell walls of fungi- Early to respond

Question 47

Adaptive response

Answer 47

Depends on specific traits of a particular pathogen Based on individual antigens. Slower but ultimately more precise.

Question 48

MHC Class I

Answer 48

all nucleate cells produce antigens of small proteins found inside the cell. Typically present self, but very useful if the cell is invaded. Viruses produce many capsid proteins that can be presented Invasive bacteria don’t produce as many free antigens when they invade. Presents endogenous antigens, Viral and internal self Present in all nucleated cells.

Question 49

MHC Class II

Answer 49

only professional antigen-presenting cells produce this, and it is used to present antigens from pathogens that were taken up by Phagocytosis. It is also used to show antigens of pathogens that are in the bloodstream. Presents exogenous antigens, Products of phagocytosis, Present only in special Antigen, Presenting Cells, Macrophage, Dendritic Cells

Question 50

Macrophages

Answer 50

large phagocytic cells, Present in blood and many tissues. Antigen-presenting cell, in MCH Class II.

Question 51

Dendritic cells

Answer 51

the most common antigen-presenting cell Stays in lymph nodes where it can interact with other immune cells. MCH Class II.

Question 52

Neutrophils

Answer 52

Phagocytic cells that can also deliver harmful chemicals by vesicles the most abundant leukocyte in humans.

Question 53

Helper T-Cells

Answer 53

Coordinate immune responses, they recognize antigens presented on MCH II scaffold. They use cytokines to inform other immune cells.

Question 54

Cytotoxic T-Cells

Answer 54

It kills cells infected with a pathogen and releases toxic molecules that enter infected cells and kill it

Question 55

Natural Killer cells

Answer 55

These cells look for other cells that are not producing MCH I molecules and kill those cells.

Question 56

B-Cells

Answer 56

produce antibodies that bind to a specific antigen Each B-cell has a receptor that binds to a single antigen When this receptor binds to its antigen the B cell is activated and produces antibodies that bind to that same antigen.

Question 57

Antibodies

Answer 57

Proteins that bind to antigens. Antigen binding at one end, cell signaling factor at the other end of the antibody.

Question 58

T-Cell Receptor

Answer 58

Present on the surface of T cells, bind antigens presented on the MHC scaffold. TCR on TH cells bind antigens on MHC II TCR on Tc cells bind antigens on MHC I.

Question 59

B-Cell receptor

Answer 59

Present on the surface of B cells, binds antigens presented on MHC II.

Question 60

Cytokines

Answer 60

Vital roles in immune defense, tissue homeostasis, and disease. Their therapeutic modulation is the basis for treatments of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and infectious diseases.

Question 61

How do vaccines work??

Answer 61

Present antigens as purified molecules, on dead pathogens, or on pathogens that have been altered so they can’t cause disease. Elicits B cell response that produces memory cells allows rapid clearing of the same pathogen when encountered later in life.