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BSC 197 > Exam 1 Psychology > Flashcards

Exam 1 Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Neuroscience/Biological perspective

A

How the nervous system, brain structures, and brain chemicals enable thinking, behavior, emotions, and sensory experiences.

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2
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

How we are influenced by the unconscious part of our mind, which consists of universal drives (hunger, sex, etc.), instinct, and hidden memories, influences our mind that we aren’t aware of.

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3
Q

Behavioral perspective

A

How our physical behavior has been influenced by the positive or negative consequences of our behavior.

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4
Q

Cognitive perspectives

A

How we perceive, interpret, and remember events and occurrences, including thoughts, beliefs, memories,
and perception.

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5
Q

Social-Cultural perspectives

A

How thoughts and behaviors are influenced by the norms and customs in our environment.

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6
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

The uniqueness and capacity for free will, personal growth, and psychological health.

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7
Q

Case studies

A

Examines one individual or event in depth. Cannot generalize results to the broader population.

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8
Q

Naturalistic Observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in a natural environment. Describes but does not explain behavior.

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9
Q

What is a variable?

A

A variable is any factor that can be manipulated, controlled, or measured by the researcher.

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10
Q

What allows us to determine cause-and-effect relationships

A

Experiments

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11
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is manipulated/changed on purpose. This is the variable that patients are being exposed to.

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12
Q

Dependant Variable

A

The variable that is measured using the IV. The dependent variable is what the researcher is measuring.

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13
Q

Confounding Variable

A

Variables that were not controlled could be different between the two groups.

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14
Q

Double bind procedure

A

Controls for the placebo effect, neither the participant or the data collector know who received the real pill.

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15
Q

Random sampling

A

helps researchers generalize from a small set of survey responses to a large population.

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16
Q

Random assignment

A

helps minimize preexisting differences between control groups

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17
Q

Correctional research

A

a measure of the extent to which two events vary together and thus, how well either predicts the other indicates that a cause and effect is possible.

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18
Q

Positive Correlation

A

Indicates a direct relationship meaning that two variables increase or decrease together.

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19
Q

Negative correlation

A

indicates an inverse relationship, as one variable increases the other decreases.

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20
Q

Placebo (Control Group)

A

A false treatment pill or substance. Controls are the change in behavior to the expectation to change.

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21
Q

Neutral communication

A

Neurons transmit info through the body, motor, sensory, cognitive

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22
Q

Sensory Receptor cells

A

Each sensory organ has these. They detect stimuli in our environment and send that information to the brain, where it is interpreted.

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23
Q

Vision

A

Photoreceptor detection of light, perceived as sight, eyes.

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24
Q

Touch

A

Machano-receptor, detection of pressure perceived as touch, Skin

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25
Smell
Chemoreceptor detection of chemical stimuli perceived as smell.
26
Hearing
Mechanoreceptors detection of vibration perceived as sound, by ears.
27
Taste
Chemoreception detection of chemical stimuli perceived as tested. Tounge.
28
Resting potential
Negative electric charge within the neuron (-70mV)
29
Action potential
Positive electric charge within the neuron (+40mV)
30
All or none response
Neurons fire +40 mV action potential or they don't fire at all.
31
sensory neurons
Carry messages from the body tissues and sensory organs to the brain and body.
32
Motor Neurons
Carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to glands and muscles.
33
Interneurons
Carry messages between sensory and motor neurons.
34
Brain
thoughts, and emotions, processes sensory information, and directs muscle movement.
35
Spinal Cord
Transfers messages from the brain to the peripheral nervous system. Receives information from the PNS and transfers that information to the brain.
36
Peripheral nervous system
Carries information from the CNS to the muscles and internal organs. Also carries information from peripheral parts of the body to the CNS
37
Somatic Division
Voluntary muscle movements
38
Autonomic Division
Involuntary functions (sympathetic, physiological arousal) and parasympathetic (physiological calming)
39
Sensory Input areas
Vision, Hearing, Touch, Temp, Pain
40
Motor Areas
Controls voluntary muscle movements
41
Association areas
language, memory, perception, and thinking
42
Frontal Lobe
Major Cortex, Broca's aphasia (speech production) Association areas, thinking, motivation, impulse control
43
Parietal lobe
Somatosensory Cortex- Body sensations, touch pressure, pain, texture. awareness of the body Association Areas, memories of how objects feel
44
Occipital lobe
Reception and interpretation of visual information. Visual cortex, registered from both eyes. Association area- Visual memories and interpretation of visual stimuli.
45
Temporal lobe
Reception and interpretation of auditory stimuli from both ears. Facial recognization. Wernick area- speech comprehension and formulation Association Areas- Auditory memories and interpretation of sounds.
46
Auditory Aphasia
Impairment to understanding spoken language
47
Neuroplasticity
The brain's ability to reorganize itself and compensate for damage or other types of change. The greatest plasticity Is in childhood.
48
Lateralization
The dominance of one hemisphere in a specific function
49
Split-brain
When the corpus callosum is served, two halves of the brain operate independently.
50
Consciousness
The awareness of sensations, perceptions, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given moment.
51
Selective attention
The focusing of attention on a particular stimulus.
52
Dual processing
Information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious levels.
53
Conscious processing
Solving problems with focused attention, and slow information processing.
54
Unconscious parallel processing
"Automatic" taking care of routine business. Fast information processing.
55
Hallucination stage-type sensations
NREM Alpha and Theta
56
Deep sleep, hard to waken
NREM Delta and REM
57
How many REM cycles per night
5-6 cycles, lasting about 90 mins each
58
REM Sleep
Occupies about 20-25% of adults sleeping time. Increased heart rate, blood flow and brain activity. Arms, legs and trunk are typically paralyzed.
59
Frueds wish fulfillment
The theory that dreams provide a "psychic safety value" expressing otherwise acceptable feelings: contains remembered content and a deeper meaning of latent content.
60
Activation Synthesis
REM sleep triggers impulses that evoke random visual memories. Sleeping weaves into stories.
61
Bottom-up processing
Sensory Analysis begins at the entry level with information flowing from the sensory receptors to the brain.
62
Top-Down processing
Information processing guided as high-levels mental processing, as when we construct perceptions by filtering information through experiences and expectations.
63
Sensation
The process in which our sensory receptors and nervous system take in stimulus energies from our environment.
64
Perception
The process by which sensory info is interpreted by the brain as meaning full objects and events.
65
Sensory Perception cells
Special neurons/cells that detect specific stimuli from our environment.
66
Transduction
Receptor cells convert stimulation into neutral impulses.
67
Absolute threshold
The smallest intensity of stimuli that can be detected 50% of the time.
68
Subliminal Stimulation
When stimuli are below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness.
69
Sensory adaptation
Reduced sensitivity in response to constant stimulation. Receptor cells need a change in stimulation to keep firing.
70
Perceptual Set
Mental expectations, tendencies, and assumptions that influence what we perceive. Based on prior knowledge.

BSC 197 (7 decks)

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