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Psychopharmacology > Exam 4 - Anxiety disorders > Flashcards

Exam 4 - Anxiety disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What areas of the brain are important in fear responses?

A

amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus and several areas in the cortex
- damage to the amygdala disrupts ability to process fear

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2
Q

What are the frontal areas (amygdala) of the brain involved in?

A

inhibition of fear response

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3
Q

What is the cingulate involved in?

A

subjective feeling and awareness

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4
Q

How do fear and anxiety differ?

A
  • fear is caused by an immediate stimulus and triggers fight or flight reaction
  • anxiety does not require a stimulus
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5
Q

GAD

A
  • worried about anything and everything
  • excessive anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least six months
  • clinically significant distress or impairment in social or occupational functioning
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6
Q

Pathology of GAD

A
  • doesn’t appear to be heritable
  • GABA, serotonin, and norepi implicated
  • inhibitory effect on amygdala, hypothalamus, thalamus and several areas in the cortex
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7
Q

What test is used to measure anxiety in animals?

A

elevated plus maze

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8
Q

What is the 3 component model of anxiety?

A

potential stressors -> bodily effects or upsetting thoughts -> bodily effects or upsetting thoughts -> ineffective behavior -> bodily effects or upsetting thoughts

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9
Q

Phobic disorders

A

persistent, excessive fear and avoidance of specific objs, activities, or situations
- recognizes fear is irrational but cannot prevent it
- social anxiety disorder is a form of a phobia

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10
Q

How could someone develop a phobia?

A
  • learned, there may be a predisposition, or it may be due to temperament
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11
Q

Panic disorder

A
  • repeated and unexpected occurrence of panic attacks and at least one month of persistent worry about having other attacks
  • heart palpitations, sweating, trembling, chest pain, depersonalization, and SOB
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12
Q

Who is more likely to be diagnosed with panic disorder?

A

women

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13
Q

PTSD

A
  • re-experiencing a traumatic event
  • involved avoiding and hyperarousal, catastrophic thinking
  • hypervigilance, inability to sleep
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14
Q

What is the course of PTSD
?

A
  • most people suffer symptoms in initial weeks after trauma, but most recover in the next 3 months
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15
Q

Acute stress disorder

A

used to identify those who wont experience a transient reaction but go onto developing chronic PTSD

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16
Q

Pathology of PTSD

A
  • stress causes profound changes in brain that regulate fear and anxiety:
    • decrease in hippocampus, prefrontal cortex volume
    • increase in dendritic density and activity in the amygdala
17
Q

OCD

A
  • recurrent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions)
18
Q

What is the diagnostic criteria for OCD?

A
  • either obsessions or compulsions
  • person recognizes thoughts and behaviors as excessive and unreasonable
  • obsessions and compulsions cause marked distress
  • Yale-Brown OCD scale
19
Q

Pathology of OCD

A
  • has the clearest connection to abnormal neuroanatomy and function
  • involves neural dysfunction between the orbitofrontal cortex, cingulate gyrus, caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and the thalamus
20
Q

What are the other two animal models of anxiety other than the elevated plus maze?

A
  • light-dark crossing test and water-lick suppression test
21
Q

What are the pharmacological treatments of panic disorders and GADS?

A
  • GABA agonists (inhibitory NT)
  • barbiturates (CNS depressants)
  • benzodiazepines
22
Q

What is the MOA of barbiturates?

A
  • bind to a subtype of receptor on the GABAa receptor called the barbiturate site
  • act to facilitate GABA binding and chlorine influx
23
Q

What are the side effects of barbiturates?

A
  • similar to alcohol intoxication: confusion, impaired judgement, retarded reflexes, loss of muscle coordination, impaired speech
  • disrupt REM
  • tolerance and dependence occur rapidly
24
Q

MOA of benzodiazepines

A
  • alter shape of GABAa receptor
  • do not open chloride channel
25
Q

Pharmacokinetics of benzos

A
  • concentrations peak in an hour
  • metabolized into active metabolites that will continue to be active
26
Q

Side effects of benzos

A
  • lethal if combines with alcohol or another GABA agonist
  • sedation, cognitive/memory impairments, retarded motor movements, slurred speech
  • chronic use for insomnia disrupts REM
27
Q

3rd Gen anxiolytics

A
  • partial GABA agonists
  • serotonin 5-HT1a agonists
  • GABAa andn GHB receptor agonists
28
Q

Drug effects on locus coeruleus firing

A
  • drugs act on the LC, upregulating it
  • increases levels of CRF
29
Q

Pharmacological treatment of OCD

A
  • SSRIs are initially effective in 50-60% of pts

Psychopharmacology (16 decks)

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