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Psychopharmacology > Exam 1 - Ch.2 Structure of the nervous system > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Ch.2 Structure of the nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 functions of the nervous system? (These are also the types of neurons)

A
  1. Sensory: monitors internal and external environment
  2. Integration: interpretation an processing of sensory information; complex functions
  3. Motor: response to information processes through stimulation of effectors
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2
Q

What are the two types of neural cells?

A
  1. neurons: form circuits that constitute the structural basis for brain function
  2. glial cells: provide support, regulation, and protection of neurons
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3
Q

What are the basic structures of the neuron? What do they do?

A
  • dendrites: receive info
  • cell body: metabolic center of the axon
  • axon hillock
  • axon: transport of substances and neural impulses (AP)
  • myelin sheath: AP travels faster on these
  • axon terminals/terminal buttons: NT release
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4
Q

What things provide strength and aid in the transport of materials along the length of an axon?

A
  • neurofilaments, actin, and microtubules
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5
Q

How many glial cells are found in the CNS? PNS?

A
  • 4
  • 2
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6
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • most abundant
  • development and maintenance of BBB
  • remove debris and seal off damaged tissue
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7
Q

Microglia

A
  • least abundant
  • phagocytes that engulf invading microorganisms and dead neurons
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8
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • surfaces are covered in cilia that help circulate CSF
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9
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • forming myelin sheaths in the CNS
  • do not allow regeneration
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10
Q

Satellite cells

A
  • located in PNS
  • supply nutrients and provide structural support
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11
Q

Schwann cells

A
  • create myelin sheaths in the PNS
  • allow for regeneration
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12
Q

What is the synapse?

A

space between neurons, the site at which neurons communicate

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13
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

conducts signal toward synapse - releases the NT

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14
Q

Postsynaptic neuron

A

transmits signal away from synapse - receives the NT

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15
Q

What are the types of synapses?

A
  1. axodendritic: btwn axon terminal of one neuron and dendrites of another
  2. axosomatic: btwn axons and cell bodies
  3. axoaxonic: btwn axon and axon
  4. dendrodendritic: btwen dendrite and dendrite
  5. dendrosomatic: btwn the dendrite and the cell body of another
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16
Q

What is the resting membrane potential? What contributes to this?

A
  • -70 mV
  • sodium, potassium, chloride, and negatively charged proteins
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17
Q

What are the two ways that the resting membrane potential is maintained?

A
  1. passive - passive diffusion of some ions
  2. active - sodium potassium pump (3 Na are moved out, and 2 K are moved in)
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18
Q

What are the stages of an action potential?

A
  • local potentials depolarize to threshold (-55mV)
  • sodium channels open, Na+ enters the cell, depolarizing it
  • sodium channels close, gated potassium channels open, K+ leaves, hyperpolarizing the cell
  • all gated channels close, cell returns to resting potential
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19
Q

What is the purpose of an AP?

A

to release a NT

20
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

brief period in which it is impossible to elicit another action potential

21
Q

Relative refractory period

A

period in which a higher amount of stimulation is necessary to make a neuron fire

22
Q

Saltatory conduction

A
  • one node of ranvier depolarizes the next - the AP jumps across them
  • more rapid in myelinated
23
Q

Gray matter

A

cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons

24
Q

White matter

A

myelinated axons, made up mostly of fat

25
Q

What are the meninges in order of most superficial to least? What is their function?

A
  • to protect the brain
  • dura -> arachnoid -> pia
26
Q

Ventricles

A

house CSF, which protects and adds buoyancy to the brain

27
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • made up of white and gray matter
  • relays messages and functions in reflexes
28
Q

Brain stem, what is it made up of?

A
  • attaches to the spinal cord
  • medulla: respiration and HR
  • pons: sleep cycles, visual and sensory sensations
  • tectum: in midbrain, visual and auditory pathways
  • tegmentum: in midbrain, pain pathways
29
Q

Cerebral cortex

A
  • comprised of fissures and sulci and separated
  • important in higher intellectual functioning
30
Q

Frontal lobe

A

executive functioning (organization, planning), primary motor cortex is located here, inhibition, production of speech

31
Q

Parietal lobe

A

spatial and sensory (primary somatosensory cortex) - touch, feeling, sensation, temperature, pain

32
Q

Occipital lobe

A

vision

33
Q

Temporal lobe

A

hearing (primary auditory cortex), memory, and comprehension of speech

34
Q

The entire body is represented spatially in the ______ ______ and ________________ cortex.

A

primary motor, somatosensory

35
Q

Lateralization

A
  • certain activities are exclusive to one of the 2 hemispheres
  • L hemi: language, math, logic
    R hemi: musical, artistic, and other creative endeavors
36
Q

What structure allows for information to pass btwn both hemispheres of the brain?

A

corpus callosum

37
Q

Cerebellum, what can its function be altered by?

A
  • maintains balance and equilibrium, coordinates movements
  • drugs like alcohol
38
Q

Cerebellar ataxia

A
  • damage to the cerebellum
  • ataxia caused by disorders of the cerebellum and its afferent and efferent connections
  • S/S: unsteadiness, jerky and irregular limb movements, slow speech
39
Q

Thalamus

A
  • primary sensory relay station, except for smell
  • regulates sleep cycle
40
Q

Thalamic syndrome

A
  • neurological disorder that causes hypersensitivity to pain
  • caused by damage to the thalamus
41
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • regulates:
    • autonomic response (fight or flight)
    • emotional response
    • body temp.
    • food intake
    • homones
42
Q

Basal ganglia

A

fine motor responses

43
Q

Limbic system

A
  • amygdala, cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens
  • integrates emotional responses, regulates motivated behavior and learning
44
Q

Amygdala

A
  • regulates fear and anxiety, emotional memory
45
Q

Hippocampus

A
  • long term memory (transfer of STM to LTM)
  • spatial navigation
46
Q

Depolarization/Excitation

A

make more positive, brings cell to threshold, causing an action potential

47
Q

Hyperpolarization/Inhibition

A

make more negative

Psychopharmacology (16 decks)

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