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Psychopharmacology > Exam 2 - glutamate and GABA > Flashcards

Exam 2 - glutamate and GABA Flashcards

1
Q

Glutamate/aspartate

A

principle excitatory NTs

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2
Q

Glutamate plays a specific functional role in

A

synaptic plasticity

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3
Q

What does the NMDA receptor not do?

A

it is not blocked by NBQX

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4
Q

Which drug does not enhance the effects of GABA on the GABAa receptor?

A

DBIs

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5
Q

Glutamate synthesis

A
  • glutamate can be derived from metabolic breakdown of glucose
  • precursor glutamine that uses catalyst enzyme glutaminase
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6
Q

These transporters are in charge of the release of glutamate:

A
  • EAAT1-EAAT5
  • EAAT1 and EAAT2 are located on astrocytes
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7
Q

What proteins are in charge of the reuptake of glutamate?

A

VGLUT1, 2, and 3

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8
Q

ALS results in the death of what kind of neurons?

A

glutamate

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9
Q

Glutamatergic system

A
  • glutamate is used by all pyramidal neurons
  • innervate the striatum, thalamus, and limbic system
  • important for excitatory pathways
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10
Q

What is unique about the NMDA receptor?

A
  • the only receptor that is both a sodium and calcium channel
  • requires both glutamate and glycine or D-serine
  • is an ionotropic receptor that also has secondary messenger characteristics
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11
Q

Ionotropic glutatmate receptors

A
  • AMPA (sodium channel), Kainate (sodium channel), and NMDA (sodium and calcium channel)
  • only receptors that causes depolarization
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12
Q

NBQX

A
  • antagonist of AMPA and kainate receptors (glutamate receptors)
  • causes sedation and reduced locomotor activity
  • protects against induced seizures
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13
Q

Metabotropic glutamate receptors

A
  • MGluR1-mGluR8
  • some inhibit CAMP, others activate phosphoinositide second messenger system
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14
Q

MGluR1 receptor

A

important for locomotor activity, motor coordination, and learning

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15
Q

NMDA receptors play an important role in:

A

learning and memory

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16
Q

What is LTP and which receptor is important for LTP?

A
  • long term potentiation
  • NMDA
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17
Q

Doogie mouse

A
  • overexpresses the NR2B subunit of the NMDA receptor
  • shows enhanced LTP and better performance on morris water maze and novel object recognition task
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18
Q

Object recognition

A

subject has to remember which object is old and which is new, and will spend more time investigating the new object

19
Q

Administering glutamate into a brain structure is (glutamate excitotoxicity)?

A

toxic, high concentrations cause cell death

20
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, cell shrivels up

21
Q

Necrosis

A

cell death, cell swells and eventually explodes

22
Q

Excitotoxicity in humans in exhibited when?

A
  • ingesting domoic acid through seafood
  • causes headache, dizziness, muscle weakness, mental confusion, and can result in death
23
Q

Brain ischemia

A

disruption of blood supply to the brain
- focal - blockage in one area
- global - blockage to entire brain
- most damage is due to excess glutamate release

24
Q

GABA and glycine

A

inhibitory NTs

25
Q

GABA synthesis, what is synthesis blocked by?

A
  • synthesized in a single step
  • glutamate is the precursor, and GAD is the catalyst enzyme
  • allylglycine - causes seizures
26
Q

What is GABA loaded into vesicles by? What is it removed from the synaptic cleft by?

A
  • VGAT
  • GAT-1,2, and 3
27
Q

GAT-1

A
  • one of GABA’s receptors
  • inhibitor is Tiagabine
  • used to treat patients with epilepsy
  • inhibition causes seizures
28
Q

For every one GABA that is broken down, how many are made?

A

1

29
Q

Where is GABA mainly found?

A

cerebral cortex, hippocampus, substantia nigra, and spinal cord

30
Q

GABAa receptors

A
  • has binding sites for all inhibitors
  • ionotropic
  • hyperpolarizing (chloride channel)
31
Q

Muscimol

A
  • GABAa agonist
  • found in mushrooms, and have stimulatory and hallucinogenic qualities
  • cause hyperthermia, altered appetite, repeated visions, similar effects to LSD
32
Q

GABAa antagonists

A
  • bicuculline and picrotoxin (non-competitive)
  • both block the binding of GABA, causing seizures
33
Q

Anxiolytic drugs

A
  • antianxiety drugs with anticonvulsant properties (benzodiazepines)
  • alcohol has similar properties to them
34
Q

Seizures

A

random firing of neurons in the brain, consequence of interrupted GABA activity

35
Q

Seizure disorders

A

brain disorder with an enduring predisposition to generate epileptic seizures

36
Q

What are the two main types of seizures?

A
  • generalized - involves entire brain
  • partial - only a specific area of the brain is affected
37
Q

What are the types of partial seizures?

A
  • simple: motor or sensory, pt. remains conscious
  • complex: impairment of consciousness, out of context behaviors (automatisms)
38
Q

What are the types of generalized seizures?

A
  • also called grand mal seizures, cause a change in consciousness
  • tonic/clonic major convulsions, rigidity and jerks, loss of consciousness
  • atonic: lapse of muscle tone
  • myoclonic: brief jerks lasting not more than a second or two
  • status epilepticus: series of seizures lasting >30 minutes, several grand mal seizures in a row, can cause damage to the hippocampus
39
Q

Absence seizure

A
  • petit mal seizures
  • person appears to be staring into space with or without jerking or twitching movements
  • common in children
40
Q

How are seizures diagnosed?

A
  • seizure type
  • etiology
  • age of onset
  • EEG
  • seizures associated with high amplitude spikes
41
Q

Treatment of seizures

A
  • anticonvulsants, which often act upon GABAa
  • surgery in extreme cases
42
Q

GABAb receptors

A
  • inhibit CAMP formation and stimulate K+ channel opening
  • common agonist is baclofen, which is given to patients with muscle spasticity
43
Q

Drugs that act on the GABAa receptor can or cannot also act of the GABAb receptor?

A

cannot

Psychopharmacology (16 decks)

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