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Infectious Disease II (P3 Spring) > Exam #4: Antifungal Agents (Moniri) > Flashcards

Exam #4: Antifungal Agents (Moniri) Flashcards

1
Q

The Fungal Kingdom includes: (4)

A
  • yeasts
  • molds
  • rusts
  • mushrooms
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2
Q

Most fungi are SAPROPHYTIC. What does this mean?

A

they live on dead organic matter

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3
Q

Few fungi are obligate animal parasites (CAN ONLY LIVE IN A HOST). What are some examples? (2)

A
  • candida albicans

- trichophyton rubrum (cause ringworm)

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4
Q

What are 4 characteristics of fungi?

A
  • single cell
  • reproduce by budding
  • can grow in chains
  • produce spores which can be transported
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5
Q

What fungi?

  • cause infection of the skin, hair, and nails
  • historically cause cosmetic fungal infections
A

dermatophytes (tinea)

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6
Q

What fungi?

dependent on temperature, they have different morphologies

A

thermally dimorphic fungi

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7
Q

What fungi?

has come about due to the use and overuse of fluconazole

A

candida parapsilosis and candida glabrata

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8
Q

What fungi?

unique b/c its encapsulated by polysaccharide capsules and CAN cause FUNGAL meningitis

A

cryptococcus neoformans

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9
Q

Where do dermatophytes (tinea) obtain their nutrients?

A

from attacking protein keratin (prevalent in skin,hair, and nails)

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10
Q

T/F Dermatophytes (tinea) are named for the site of infection rather than by species

A

TRUE

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11
Q

tinea capitis

A

hair, scalp

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12
Q

tinea pedis

A

feet

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13
Q

tinea mauum

A

hands

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14
Q

tinea unguium

A

fingernails

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15
Q

Why is treating tinea ungium difficult?

A

b/c the nail that we see is dead, but the fungi is living in the precursor cells

(nails only starts to look better once the nail grows out)

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16
Q

What bacteria are also encapsulated with polysaccharide? (3)

A
  • s.pneumoniae
  • n. meningitis
  • h. influenzae
17
Q

T/F Candida albicans is the MOST common YEAST cause of disease

A

TRUE

18
Q

YEAST

C. parapsilosis AND C. glabrata

A

nosocomial infections that are due to overuse of -azoles

19
Q

T/F The normal flora (pharynx, GI, vagina, surrounding skin) ALL contain YEAST

A

TRUE

specifically albicans

20
Q

Principal cause of vaginal yeast infections and oral thrush

A

yeast

21
Q

In the following patients, YEAST can cause deep-seeded lethal infections:

A
  • AIDS
  • Hematopoietic stem cell transplant
  • Neutropenics
22
Q

YEAST
crytococcus neoformans
-in immunocompetent–> _______
-in immunoCOMPROMISED–> ______

A

competent: self limiting lung infections (cold)
compromised: disseminates to other organs, particularly CNS (i.e. CRYPTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS)

23
Q
  • blastomyces dermatitidus
  • paracoccidiodes brasiliensis
  • coccidioides immitus
  • histoplasma capsulatum

are all examples of?

A

thermally dimorphic fungi

24
Q

_________: All live in soil and infections arise as a result of contaminated dust

A

thermally dimorphic fungi

25
Q

What is the only way to definitively diagnose a thermally dimorphic fungal infection?

A

via a sputum culture

26
Q

What thermal dimorphic fungi?

  • inhaled into lungs, circulate and multiply through blood and lymph to any organ
  • can present in a variety of ways
  • mortality rates in treated cases differ depending on immune system
A

blastomycosis- blastomyces dermatitidus

27
Q

What thermal dimorphic fungi?

  • primary infection is ASYMPTOMATIC in large majority of cases
  • can lay dormant for years in lymphatic system
A

paracoccidiomycosis- paracoccidiodes brasiliensis

28
Q

What thermal dimorphic fungi?

  • outbreaks occur during dust storms and earthquakes
  • 50% asymptomatic
  • PROMINENT CAUSE OF FUNGAL MENINGITIS
A

coccidiomycosis- coccidioides immitus

29
Q

What thermal dimorphic fungi?

-from soil as well as bird/bat droppings

A

histoplasmosis- histoplasma capsulatum

30
Q

What is the “big picture” of thermally dimorphic fungi?

A

immune

  • COMPETENT: self resolving
  • COMPROMISED: high levels of mortality
31
Q

Aspergillum species are an example of?

A

mold

32
Q

Mucormycetes sp AND Rhizopus oryzae cause

A

mucormycosis

33
Q

What is the major route of transmission of MOLDS?

A

via inhalation of the mold, which is ubiquitous in the environment

34
Q

bacteria vs. fungi

A

bacteria: prokaryotes
fungi: eukaryotes

both have cell walls, but this has not proven to be an effective target for anti fungal drugs

35
Q

The fungi cell wall is made up of _________ which allow for attachment of GLYCOPROTEINS

A

alpha and beta glucans

36
Q

Mammalian vs. Fungi membranes

A

mammalian: cholesterol
fungal: ergosterol (flatter due to the addition of the 2 double bonds)

37
Q

What are the 2 targets of antifungal medications?

A
  • CYP 450 14 alpha demethylase

- squalene epoxidase

Infectious Disease II (P3 Spring) (13 decks)

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