Exam 3: Antiviral Agents (Moniri)

Question 1

VIRUS background:

contain a _____, which encases the nucleic acid core (Nucleocapsid)

Answer 1

capsid

Question 2

What are the 2 highly antigenic proteins found on the surface of VIRUSES?

Answer 2

• hemagglutinin (HA)

- neuraminidase

Question 3

T/F As a whole the influenza virus is VERY antigenic

Answer 3

TRUE (this is what brings about the symptoms that we get when we get the flu)

Question 4

What is the most common STD in the world?

Answer 4

papillomavirus (oncogenic virus)

Question 5

How are warts generally treated?

Answer 5

overtime by the immune response, BUT when you kill them you are killing the cells around the wart to cause immune rxn

Question 6

Which HPV can cause cervical cancer? (4)

Answer 6

HPV 45, HPV 18, HPV 31, HPV 16

Question 7

After smoking, what is the reason men get cancer from HPV?

Answer 7

oral, anal/rectal sex

Question 8

T/F Condom use DOES NOT protect against HPV 100%

Answer 8

TRUE: b/c HPV can be on the skin also

Question 9

Gardasil protects against HPV (4)

Answer 9

16, 18, 6, 11

Question 10

Cervarix protects against HPV (2)

Answer 10

16 and 18

Question 11

Which HPV are associated the most w/ cancers?

Answer 11

16 and 18

Question 12

DNA virus life cycle (5)

Answer 12

FUSION and ADSORPTION into host cell–> nucleocapsid dissolves–> replication via DNA polymerase to make vDNA–> transcription via mRNA–> translated to protein (dependent on host cell machinery)

Question 13

RNA virus life cycle (7)

Answer 13

genome makes contact w/ specific receptor on outside (RECEPTOR MEDIATED) –> comes into cell via ENDOSOME (acidic pH)–> go towards a lysosome–> breakdown and release of RNA virus–> goes into host cell nucleus–> replication via RNA polymerase–> transcription and translation occurs

Question 14

How are DNA and RNA life cycle different? (2)

Answer 14

• DNA virus: ADSORPTION and PENETRATION (FUSION); whole thing leaves via budding
• RNA virus: RECEPTOR MEDIATED; particles meet at the cell surface

Question 15

INFLUENZA virus:

recognizes cell surface SIALIC ACID containing glycoproteins

Answer 15

hemagglutinin (this is the ligand)

Question 16

INFLUENZA virus:

CLEAVES SIALIC ACID moieties, thereby releasing budding virions

Answer 16

neuraminidase

Question 17

T/F The virus uses its OWN polymerase to REPLICATES its genome

Answer 17

TRUE; but uses the host cell for transcription and translation

Question 18

Explain how the influenza virus gets into the host cell?

Answer 18

hemagglutinin makes contact w/ receptor containing sialic acid

Question 19

T/F When the virion buds it contains ALL the things that it came with

Answer 19

TRUE

-when the virus leaves it has the ligand and the host has the receptor (so it immediately attaches back); BUT neuraminidase CLEAVES sialic acid receptor

Question 20

INFLUENZA virus:

_____ are the primary reservoir for influenza A

Answer 20

birds

also infect mammals, horses, pigs

Question 21

INFLUENZA virus:

______ is the most VIRULENT influenza and causes the MOST SEVERE DISEASE

Answer 21

influenza A

Question 22

INFLUENZA virus:

There are 16 known hemagglutinin serotypes and 9 known neuraminidase serotypes

Answer 22

influenza A

Question 23

INFLUENZA virus:

_______is almost exclusively a HUMAN PATHOGEN (seals)

Answer 23

influenza B

Question 24

INFLUENZA virus:

NO distinguishable serotype, less mutative; _______ influenza

Answer 24

influenza B

Question 25

INFLUENZA virus: | infects humans and pigs ONLY

Answer 25

influenza C genetically and morphologically distinct from A and B types

Question 26

INFLUENZA virus: | ______ is spread from a bird to a person; BUT NOT person to person

Answer 26

H5N1 "bird flu" a recurrent pandemic threat

Question 27

INFLUENZA virus: | _______has caused this season of flu

Answer 27

H3N2

Question 28

Why do you have to get a flu shot every year? (3)

Answer 28

- mutation - antigenic shifts - recombination (H and N mutate and effect long lasting immunity)

Question 29

INFLUENZA virus: | Why is H5N1 so deadly to birds?

Answer 29

due to specificity of sialic acid | prefers 2-3 SA vs. 2-6 sen in humans

Question 30

INFLUENZA virus: Avian Flu-A = amino acid ______ Human Flu-A= amino acid _____

Answer 30

avian (GLN)--> recognize 2-3 SA human flu A (LEU)--> recognize 2-6 SA

Question 31

INFLUENZA virus: | What happens after you are infected w/ the flu?

Answer 31

cytokine storm--> promote inflammatory response IL family-interleukin, interferons, EPO and THPO, chemokine, TNF-alpha

Question 32

INFLUENZA virus: | T/F H5N1 induces higher levels of cytokines than the more common flu virus types

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

INFLUENZA virus: | T/F Cytokine storm is a potentially fatal rxn consisting of POSITIVE feedback loops

Answer 33

TRUE immune response--> cytokines--> immune response (cyclic)

Question 34

INFLUENZA virus: | The data from ______ are used to make the flu vaccine for the US

Answer 34

Brisbane (in southern hemisphere)

Question 35

INFLUENZA virus: | FLUZONE HD for seniors: _____ antigen

Answer 35

4x

Question 36

INFLUENZA virus: | Why are mutations in H important?

Answer 36

decrease affinity coming in--> decrease virulence | all mutations to H DECREASE virulence

Question 37

T/F All herpes viruses cause LIFELONG infection

Answer 37

TRUE vs. influenza

Question 38

HERPES VIRUS: | (3) are latent in NEURONS

Answer 38

HSV1 HSV2 VSV-varicella zoster

Question 39

Herpes has the ability to be latent, why does the virus hide in neurons?

Answer 39

b/c there isn't immune cells there

Question 40

HERPES VIRUS: | What type of things can decrease the immune system? (4)

Answer 40

- PAIN - STRESS - RADIATION - DRUGS

Question 41

HERPES VIRUS: T/F The mouth has large neurons that lead to Trigeminal ganglion (5th cranial nerve)---> if virus makes a “wrong turn” i.e. the cranial nerve--> can lead to virus getting into the brain

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

HHV3 causes chicken pox and then goes into hiding in the ganglion of the _________

Answer 42

spinal cord (from here it can gain access to anywhere -only come out upon stimulus and is localized to that dermatome

Question 43

chicken pox vs. shingles

Answer 43

chicken pox= whole body | shingles= specific dermatome