Exam 3: Antiviral Agents (Moniri) Flashcards
VIRUS background:
contain a _____, which encases the nucleic acid core (Nucleocapsid)
capsid
What are the 2 highly antigenic proteins found on the surface of VIRUSES?
- hemagglutinin (HA)
- neuraminidase
T/F As a whole the influenza virus is VERY antigenic
TRUE (this is what brings about the symptoms that we get when we get the flu)
What is the most common STD in the world?
papillomavirus (oncogenic virus)
How are warts generally treated?
overtime by the immune response, BUT when you kill them you are killing the cells around the wart to cause immune rxn
Which HPV can cause cervical cancer? (4)
HPV 45, HPV 18, HPV 31, HPV 16
After smoking, what is the reason men get cancer from HPV?
oral, anal/rectal sex
T/F Condom use DOES NOT protect against HPV 100%
TRUE: b/c HPV can be on the skin also
Gardasil protects against HPV (4)
16, 18, 6, 11
Cervarix protects against HPV (2)
16 and 18
Which HPV are associated the most w/ cancers?
16 and 18
DNA virus life cycle (5)
FUSION and ADSORPTION into host cell–> nucleocapsid dissolves–> replication via DNA polymerase to make vDNA–> transcription via mRNA–> translated to protein (dependent on host cell machinery)
RNA virus life cycle (7)
genome makes contact w/ specific receptor on outside (RECEPTOR MEDIATED) –> comes into cell via ENDOSOME (acidic pH)–> go towards a lysosome–> breakdown and release of RNA virus–> goes into host cell nucleus–> replication via RNA polymerase–> transcription and translation occurs
How are DNA and RNA life cycle different? (2)
- DNA virus: ADSORPTION and PENETRATION (FUSION); whole thing leaves via budding
- RNA virus: RECEPTOR MEDIATED; particles meet at the cell surface
INFLUENZA virus:
recognizes cell surface SIALIC ACID containing glycoproteins
hemagglutinin (this is the ligand)
INFLUENZA virus:
CLEAVES SIALIC ACID moieties, thereby releasing budding virions
neuraminidase
T/F The virus uses its OWN polymerase to REPLICATES its genome
TRUE; but uses the host cell for transcription and translation
Explain how the influenza virus gets into the host cell?
hemagglutinin makes contact w/ receptor containing sialic acid
T/F When the virion buds it contains ALL the things that it came with
TRUE
-when the virus leaves it has the ligand and the host has the receptor (so it immediately attaches back); BUT neuraminidase CLEAVES sialic acid receptor
INFLUENZA virus:
_____ are the primary reservoir for influenza A
birds
also infect mammals, horses, pigs
INFLUENZA virus:
______ is the most VIRULENT influenza and causes the MOST SEVERE DISEASE
influenza A
INFLUENZA virus:
There are 16 known hemagglutinin serotypes and 9 known neuraminidase serotypes
influenza A
INFLUENZA virus:
_______is almost exclusively a HUMAN PATHOGEN (seals)
influenza B
INFLUENZA virus:
NO distinguishable serotype, less mutative; _______ influenza
influenza B
INFLUENZA virus:
infects humans and pigs ONLY
influenza C
genetically and morphologically distinct from A and B types
INFLUENZA virus:
______ is spread from a bird to a person; BUT NOT person to person
H5N1 “bird flu”
a recurrent pandemic threat
INFLUENZA virus:
_______has caused this season of flu
H3N2
Why do you have to get a flu shot every year? (3)
- mutation
- antigenic shifts
- recombination
(H and N mutate and effect long lasting immunity)
INFLUENZA virus:
Why is H5N1 so deadly to birds?
due to specificity of sialic acid
prefers 2-3 SA vs. 2-6 sen in humans
INFLUENZA virus:
Avian Flu-A = amino acid
______
Human Flu-A= amino acid _____
avian (GLN)–> recognize 2-3 SA
human flu A (LEU)–> recognize 2-6 SA
INFLUENZA virus:
What happens after you are infected w/ the flu?
cytokine storm–> promote inflammatory response
IL family-interleukin, interferons, EPO and THPO, chemokine, TNF-alpha
INFLUENZA virus:
T/F H5N1 induces higher levels of cytokines than the more common flu virus types
TRUE
INFLUENZA virus:
T/F Cytokine storm is a potentially fatal rxn consisting of POSITIVE feedback loops
TRUE
immune response–> cytokines–> immune response (cyclic)
INFLUENZA virus:
The data from ______ are used to make the flu vaccine for the US
Brisbane (in southern hemisphere)
INFLUENZA virus:
FLUZONE HD for seniors: _____ antigen
4x
INFLUENZA virus:
Why are mutations in H important?
decrease affinity coming in–> decrease virulence
all mutations to H DECREASE virulence
T/F All herpes viruses cause LIFELONG infection
TRUE
vs. influenza
HERPES VIRUS:
(3) are latent in NEURONS
HSV1
HSV2
VSV-varicella zoster
Herpes has the ability to be latent, why does the virus hide in neurons?
b/c there isn’t immune cells there
HERPES VIRUS:
What type of things can decrease the immune system? (4)
- PAIN
- STRESS
- RADIATION
- DRUGS
HERPES VIRUS:
T/F The mouth has large neurons that lead to Trigeminal ganglion (5th cranial nerve)—> if virus makes a “wrong turn” i.e. the cranial nerve–> can lead to virus getting into the brain
TRUE
HHV3 causes chicken pox and then goes into hiding in the ganglion of the _________
spinal cord (from here it can gain access to anywhere
-only come out upon stimulus and is localized to that dermatome
chicken pox vs. shingles
chicken pox= whole body
shingles= specific dermatome
