Exam 4: Animal Behavior Flashcards
0
Q
what is the site of gas exchange?
A
thin, moist surface (epithelium)
1
Q
what is the purpose of the respiratory system?
A
gas exchange
2
Q
what does the site of gas exchange consist of?
A
capillary beds and a barrier-forming concentration gradient
3
Q
what are the concentrations on each end of the barrier-forming concentration gradient?
A
one area of high oxygen and carbon dioxide
one area of low oxygen and carbon dioxide
4
Q
which animals have gills?
A
fish and some amphibians
5
Q
how much of the air for aquatic animals is oxygen?
A
21%
6
Q
LOOK AT GILL STRUCTURE IN NOTES!!!
A
LOOK AT GILL STRUCTURE IN NOTES!!!
7
Q
How many pairs of gills are in fish? amphibians?
A
5 pairs
3 pairs
8
Q
what kind of blood runs through the gills?
A
deoxygenated blood
9
Q
where does blood with carbon dioxide enter the gills?
A
back end of gill region
10
Q
where does water with oxygen enter the gills?
A
front end of gills region
11
Q
how long does oxygen diffuse?
A
as long as there is a gradient
12
Q
LOOK AT FISH GILLS DIAGRAM IN NOTES!!!
A
LOOK AT FISH GILLS DIAGRAM IN NOTES!!!
13
Q
what concentration does oxygen go from? what does it go to?
A
from high to low
14
Q
What type of respiration is within the skin?
A
cutaneous
15
Q
what type of respiration is in the lining of the mouth?
A
buccopharyngeal
16
Q
what type of respiration is through sacs?
A
lung
17
Q
with each inhalation/exhalation cycle in mammals, how much air is replenished?
A
less than 1/6 %
18
Q
what is most of the pathway of air lined with?
A
mucous secreting ciliated epithelium
19
Q
what is some of the pathway of air lined with?
A
cartilage ring
20
Q
what are external nares? what do they consist of?
A
naval cavity
cilid and mucous
21
Q
what are internal nares?
A
pharynx of mouth cavity
22
Q
what is the point where the respiratory and digestive systems cross paths?
A
pharynx of mouth cavity
23
Q
what is the opening to the respiratory tube?
A
glottis
24
what prevents items from entering the glottis?
epiglottis
25
what is the voice box? what is it a part of?
larynx
| trachea
26
what is the wind pipe?
trachea
27
what is at the fork of the trachea?
2 bronchi
28
which bronchi is wider and straighter?
right bronchus
29
LOOK AT BRONCHIOLES IN NOTES!!!
LOOK AT BRONCHIOLES IN NOTES!!!
30
What is the concentration of Oxygen and carbon dioxide for inhaled air?
high oxygen, low carbon dioxide
31
What is the concentration of Oxygen and carbon dioxide for blood in capillaries?
low oxygen, high carbon dioxide
32
What is the concentration of Oxygen and carbon dioxide for exhaled air?
high carbon dioxide, low oxygen
33
what is the large, muscular organ that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
diaphragm
34
is the diaphragm voluntary or in voluntary?
involuntary
35
what kind of tissue is the diaphragm?
smooth muscle
36
what does the diaphragm do during inhalation?
it contracts and moves/pulls down the expanding chest cavity
37
when lungs expand, what happens?
air is pulled in by a passive movement
38
what happens to the diaphragm during exhalation?
it relaxes and pulls up
39
what does the ribcage do to the lungs during exhalation?
compresses the lungs to expel air
40
which has energy expenditure, relaxation or contraction?
contraction
41
which system is associated with waste disposal and filtering blood?
urinary system
42
what is disposed in the urinary system?
waste ions and urinary waste
43
what is the regulation of water and ion balance within the body?
osmoregulation
44
what puts fresh water in the body? how?
red blood cells
| change in concentration and redistribution of water by osmosis
45
what maintains pH?
H+ secretion
46
what does water excrete?
nitrogenous wastes
47
what percent do human gain water from drinking?
48%
48
what percent do human gain water from free water in food?
40%
49
what percent do human gain water from metabolic water?
12%
50
what percent do human lose water from urine?
60%
51
what percent do human lose water from evaporation (skin, lungs)?
34%
52
what percent do human lose water from feces?
6%
53
what is the nitrogenous waste for fish?
ammonia
54
what is the nitrogenous waste for amphibians and mammals?
urea
55
what is the nitrogenous waste for reptiles and birds?
uric acid
56
what organ filters blood?
kidneys
57
how many kidneys are in vertebrates?
2
58
which has more complex kidneys, fish or mammals and birds? why?
mammals and birds
| bigger, can handle greater pressure
59
what are kidneys drained by?
special tubes
60
what is an advanced kidney that is drained by a ureter, has lots of nephrons, and filters at much higher pressures?
metanephric kidney
61
which part of the kidney filters blood?
nephron
62
what are tubes that are draining from kidneys to urinary bladder?
ureter
63
what is used as temporary storage?
urinary bladder
64
what is used for release from the body?
urethra
65
what is the functional unit of the kidney?
nephron
66
how many nephrons are there per kidney?
1 million
67
what is the nephron composed of?
| 2 things
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
68
what is the renal corpuscle composed of?
glomerulus and bowman's capsule
69
what is the glomerulus?
capillary beds
70
wha does the glomerulus do?
filters blood
71
what in the glomerulus filters the blood?
glomerular filtrate
72
what surrounds the glomerulus and receives the glomerular filtrate?
bowman's capsule
73
what receives the glomerular filtrate from the bowman's capsule?
renal tubule
74
what are the 4 sections of the renal tubule?
proximal tubule
lower loop
distal tubule
collecting duct
75
what are the 3 stages of urine formation?
filtration
reabsorption
secretion
76
what are the 3 goals of blood filtration?
remove wastes
save goodies
conserve water
77
which stage cleans blood? where does this take place?
filtration
| glomerulus and bowman's capsule
78
what stage is the movement of glomerular filtrate out of the tubule back into the blood? where does this take place?
```
reabsorption
proximal tubule (60%)
```
79
what is expended in reabsorption?
ATP
80
what stage is the movement of substances out of the blood and into the tubule? where does this take place?
secretion
| distal tubule
81
is ATP expended in secretion?
yes
82
LOOK AT FILTRATION PICTURE IN NOTES!!!
LOOK AT FILTRATION PICTURE IN NOTES!!!
83
READ VERTEBRATE NEPHRON DIFFERENCES IN NOTES!!!
READ VERTEBRATE NEPHRON DIFFERENCES IN NOTES!!!
84
what is the constricted part of the tubule and looks like a loop?
loop of henle
85
what does the loop of henle do to the glomerular filtrate?
slows it down
86
what does the loop of henle allow for? 3 things
more water reabsorption
more goodies reabsorption
more concentration of waste into tubule
87
which system is the hormonal control of body functions?
endocrine
88
what are the 3 types of signaling molecules?
neurotransmitters
pheromones
hormones
89
where are hormones transported in animals?
in the blood stream
90
which glands are ductless? which have ducts?
endocrine glands
| exocrine glands
91
what are the ducts in exocrine glands used for?
to discharge secretions
92
where are exocrine glands? give 2 examples
on surfaces
| salivary glands, sweat glands
93
what produces releasing hormones that regulates pituitary hormones?
hypothalamus
94
what is the FSH-RH?
follicle stimulating hormone- releasing hormone
95
what is the LH-RH?
leutenizing hormone- releasing hormone
96
what are the hormones in the hypothalamus?
FSH-RH
| LH-RH
97
what secretes hormones that regulate other endocrine glands?
pituitary glands (anterior)
98
what hormones are secreted in the pituitary glands?
gonadotropins (FSH & LH)
99
what hormone acts on the thyroid glands?
thyrotropins
100
what hormone acts on the adrenal glands?
adrenocorticotropins
101
what hormone stimulates cell division?
growth hormone
102
what hormone stimulates the mammary glands for milk production?
prolactin hormone
103
what hormone is used for pigment dispersion?
melanophore-stimulating hormone
104
what 2 hormones are part of the pituitary posterior?
vasopressin
| oxytocin
105
what hormone acts on the kidney for urine flow?
vasopressin
106
what hormone stimulates contraction of uterus during birth and stimulates the release of milk?
oxytocin
107
what gland mostly alters the rate of enzyme activity?
thyroid gland
108
what hormone promotes the normal development of the nervous system in embryonic development?
thyroxine
109
what is the anterior part of the kidney?
adrenal gland
110
what 4 things does the adrenal gland secrete?
cortisol
aldosterone
epinephrine
norepinephrine
111
which hormone in the adrenal gland is an anti-inflammatory hormone?
cortisol
112
what promotes reabsorption within the kidney's nephric tubule?
aldosterone
113
what builds up the body in an emergency situation?
epinephrine (adrenaline)
114
what gets the body back to normal?
norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
115
what are 2 digestive hormones?
gastrin
| cholycystokinin
116
what stimulates the secretion of HCl?
gastrin
117
what 2 things does cholycystokinin?
stimulate the trickling of bile from gall bladder into small intestine
stimulate the pancreas to release enzymatic juices into small intestine
118
what are 8 characteristics of asexual reproduction?
```
one parent
no gametes
no reproductive organs
produces genetically identical offspring
result of mitosis/cytokinesis
simple
energetically cheap
fast
```
119
what are 4 examples of asexual reproduction?
binary fission
budding
gemmulation
fragmentation
120
which type of asexual reproduction is where the parent divides by mitosis and cytokinesis into 2 parts?
binary fission
121
what are the two ways a parent can divide in binary fission?
transverse
| longitudinal
122
which type of asexual reproduction is unequal division of an organism?
budding
123
which type of asexual reproduction involves an encapsulated bud? what is that bud called?
gemmulation
| gemmule
124
what phylum typically reproduces via gemmulation?
Porifera
125
which type of asexual reproduction is when the animal breaks into 2 or more- each being a new organism?
fragmentation
126
what is the main disadvantage of asexual reproduction?
no genetic variation
127
which side of sexual reproduction is energetically expensive?
female
128
what is the main advantage of sexual reproduction?
genetic variation
129
what are gametes a result of?
mitosis and cytokinesis
130
what is the fusion of male and female gametes?
fertilization
131
what are the 3 forms of sexual reproduction?
hermaphroditism
parthenogenesis
biparental sexual reproduction
132
which type of sexual reproduction do individuals have both male and female reproductive organs?
hermaphroditism
133
what is the condition of both sexes in the same individual?
monoecious
134
which type of sexual reproduction is the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg?
parthenogenesis
135
which type of sexual reproduction has 2 individuals, 2 sex organs, and 2 sex cells?
biparental sexual reproduction
136
what is the condition of separate sex individuals?
dioecious
137
what are the 3 reproductive patterns?
oviparous
ovoviviparous
viviparous
138
what is the condition of egg laying outside of the female's body?
oviparous
139
how many mammals exhibit the oviparous pattern?
3
140
in the oviparous pattern, is fertilization internal or external?
can be either
141
what is the condition of the eggs being retained within the body of the female with no connection and embryonic nourishment from egg yolk?
ovoviviparous
142
is fertilization in the ovoviviparous pattern internal or external?
internal
143
what is the condition of live bearing with a maternal connection?
viviparous
144
what is the maternal connection called?
placenta
145
where is the development of the embryo?
in the oviduct or uterus
146
what occurs within the placenta?
nourishment and gas exchange
147
in viviparous, is fertilization internal or external?
always internal
148
what is the measure of differential survival and differential reproduction?
natural selection
149
where do primordial germ cells come from?
yolk sac
150
what do vertebrate gonads arise from?
a pair of genital ridges along the dorsal wall of the embryo
151
what are the gonads in the male reproductive system?
testes
152
where do the testes develop?
in the abdominal cavity and descend into scrotum
153
where is sperm produced?
seminiferous tubules
154
where are the seminiferous tubules located?
in chambers in the testes
155
what produces testosterone?
leydig cells
156
where are leydig cells located?
between the little sections in testes
157
what provides nourishment to cells associated with sperm development?
Sertoli cells
158
where are Sertoli cells found?
in the wall of seminiferous tubules
159
where is sperm stored and eventually matures at?
epididymis
160
what is the epididymis attached to?
vas deferens
161
what is the elongated portion of the male duct system that is used for sperm transport?
vas deferens
162
what part of the male duct system is used for rapid sperm transport?
ejaculatory duct
163
what is the tube through the penis that transports sperm and urine?
urethra
164
what is a copulatory organ?
penis with urethra
165
are accessory glands part of the duct work? does sperm pass through these glands?
no; no
166
what do the accessory glands add into the male duct system?
secretions
167
what secretes fructose and prostaglandins?
seminal vesicles
168
what is used for sperm nourishment?
fructose
169
what stimulates muscle contraction?
prostaglandins
170
what secretes oil for lubrication?
prostate
| bulbourethral glands
171
what hormone initiates sperm production in seminiferous tubules?
FSH
172
what stimulates leydig cells to secrete testosterone?
LH
173
what is responsible for development, maturation, and maintenance in male reproductive system?
testosterone
174
what are 2 examples of secondary characteristics of testosterone?
thickening of vocal chords
| increased bone density
175
what is a series of steps for maturation of sperm?
spermatogenesis
176
what is a potential cell to develop sperm?
spermatogonium
177
where is ATP for swimming produced?
midpiece
178
what is the gonad of the female reproductive system?
ovary
179
where is egg production?
ovum
180
what hormones are secreted from the ovary?
estrogen
| progesterone
181
at puberty, how many ova are there per ovary?
400,000
182
wheb are eggs formed? when are they no longer produced?
during embryonic development
| after birth
183
what is the production of an egg?
oogenesis
184
what is the normal site of fertilization?
oviduct
185
is the oviduct connected to the ovary?
no, but it is overhanging it
186
what is the implantation site?
uterus
187
what is the uterus attached by?
placenta
188
what is the placenta composed of?
maternal and fetal tissues
189
what is the lining of the uterus?
endometrium
190
what is the endometrium built up by?
tissue, vessels, and capillary beds
191
what happens if fertilization and implantation occurs?
endometrium/uterus continues to develop
192
what maintains the endometrium/uterus when fertilization occurs?
hormones from mother and fetus
193
What happens if fertilization and implantation does not occur?
endometrium sloughs off and is discharged
194
What is the end of the uterus?
Cervix
195
What is the birth canal and the tubular region lined with smooth muscle and epithelial?
Vagina
196
What is the external genitalic?
vulva
197
what are the parts of the vulva?
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
198
what is the labia majora homologus to?
scrotum
199
what is the clitoris homologus to?
penis
200
does the urethra have anything to do with the femal repro. system?
No
201
what is the ovum/egg and the surrounding cells?
ovarian follicle
202
what do follicle cells secrete?
estrogen and progesterone
203
what hormone controls the formation and maintenance of reproductive organs?
estrogen
204
what is a secondary sex characteristic of estrogen?
thicker adipose tissue under the skin
205
what is the reminant of the follicle?
corpus luteum
206
what is the corpus luteum called?
yellow body
207
what does the corpus luteum secrete?
progesterone
208
after ovualtion, what is released?
eggs
209
what does progesterone promote? how?
gestation
| increases uteran gland secretions and decreases smooth muscle contration of uterus
210
what contributes to the timing of reproduction?
combination of environment cues and hormonal activity
211
what cycle do most mammals go through during reproduction?
estrous cycle
212
what is an animal that has a one time a year breeding cycle?
monoestrous
213
what is an animal that has a twice a year breeding cycle?
diestrous
214
what is an animal that has a breeding cycle may times a year?
polyestrous
215
How long is the menstrual cycle?
28 days
217
What happens on days 1-13 of the ovarian cycle? 3 things
Follicle phase
ovarian follicles are developing
FSH is released
218
What happens on day 14 of the ovarian cycle? 3 tings
ovulation
follicle ruptures and releases
LH is released
219
What happens on days 15-28 of ovarian cycle? 4 things
Luteal phase
stimulate corpus luteum to release progesterone
helps build up uterine lining
LH is released
220
What happens on days 1-5 of the uterine cycle? 4 things
menstrual phase
outer portions of the endometrium cycle slough off
discharged
loss of blood
221
What happens on days 6-14 of the uterine cycle? 2 things
proliferative phase
| estrogen levels increase to build up endometrium
222
What happens on days 15-28 uterine cycle? 3 things
secretory phase
| increase of progesterone to maintain the built up endometrium
223
What are the 2 effects of the menstrual cycle?
ovarian and uterine
224
If fertilization occurs, what happens to the fertilized egg?
implants to the uterine wall via the placenta
225
If fertilization does not occur or implantation fails, what happens to the uterine lining?
it sloughs away and is discharged
226
Do most animals exhibit similar embryonic development processes?
yes
227
what are the 5 stages to animal development?
```
fertilization
cleavage
gastrulation
Neurulation
organogenesis
```
228
what initiates the process of animal development?
fertilization
229
what stage in animal development produces a mass of smaller cells?
cleavage
230
what stage in animal development produces 3 germ layers?
gastrulation
231
what are the 3 germ layers?
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
232
what stage in animal development lays a plan for the nervous system and segmented body plan?
neurulation
233
what stage in animal development is when tissues become functional organs?
organogenesis
234
what is repeated cell cycles without cell growth?
cleavage
235
what is each cell that is produced during cleavage called?
blastomere
236
what is a ball of cells?
blastala
237
what is a hollow cavity called?
blastocoel
238
what are the 2 poles of a blastomere?
vegetal
| animal
239
which pole has larger blastomeres?
vegetal
240
If a cell has larger blastomeres, what does that mean for the yolk?
there is more yolk
241
Which pole has smaller blastomeres?
animal
242
If a cell has smaller blastomeres, what does that mean for the yolk and cytoplasm?
there is less yolk and more cytoplasm
243
what results in the formation of blastoderm?
meroblastic cleavage
244
what is a flattened disk of cells at one end?
blastoderm
245
which pole undergoes meroblastic cleavage?
animal
246
what is a complete cell division that produces 2 equal size blastomeres at the first division?
holoblastic cleavage
247
During Gastrulation, what happens?
a blastula turns into a gastrula with 3 distinct germ layers
248
What does the endoderm produce? 8 things
```
thyroid gland
respiratory tube
liver
pancreas
lungs
urinary bladder
epithelial lining of gut tract
```
249
what does the mesoderm produce? 6 things
```
heart
kidneys
notochord
skeletal muscle
limbs/appendages
blood and other connective tissues
```
250
what does the ectoderm produce? 2 things
neural tube
| epidermis
251
when does gastrulation begin?
when a band of tissues pinches in to create an opening called a blastopore
252
What is a change in the cavity of a structure?
invagination
253
what does the blastopore develop into in chordates and echinoderms?
anus
254
what does archenteron displace the blastocoel to?
digestive tract
255
what are specialized groups of cells that migrate to a future site of gonads?
primordial germ cell
256
what are 2 functions of primordial germ cells?
protect/propagate genetic content of species
| undergo meiosis to produce gametes
257
what is mesoderm derived and and provides rigidity along dorsal axis of embryo?
notochord
258
what does the notochord produce?
signaling proteins to establish tissue proteins
259
what is developed in the notochord?
hox genes
260
what is neural tube development from the ectoderm?
neurulation
261
what originates from the neural tube?
all neurons and supporting cells of CNS
262
what is thickened ectodermal cells around the notochord?
neural plate
263
what do cells on each side of the neural tube fuse to form?
an enclosure
264
what are cells that are overlying the dorsal portion of the neural tube?
neural crest cells
265
where do neural crest cells migrate to? why?
other regions of the embryo
| to form all neurons and supporting cells of PNS
266
what do neural crest cells help form part of?
adrenal glands and face structure
267
what are neural crest cells sometimes called?
4th germ layer
268
what are organs composed of?
2 or more tissue types
269
what gives rise to different organs?
each germ layer
270
when do organs form?
during or just after neuralation
271
what are organs controlled by?
hox genes
272
what helps organs develop?
proteins
273
what are each cells' type/ function determined by?
autonomous specification
| conditional specification
274
which specification is differential acquisition of various cytoplasmic factors during cell division?
autonomous
275
which specification is an acquisition of properties through cell to cell signaling mechanisms?
conditional
276
what are all the activities an animal performs in its lifetime called?
animal behavior
277
what are the 4 approaches to studying animal behavior?
comparative psychology
ethology
behavioral ecology
sociobiology
278
which approach emphasizes the genetic, hormonal, and neural bases of behavior?
comparative pshychology
279
which approach is the study of animal behavior in which the natural environment and evolutionary relationship are considered?
ethology
280
what are the 2 most important things that ethology looks at?
communication
| learning
281
who are 3 important people in ethology?
Lorenz
Tinbergen
von Frisch
282
which approach places an emphasis on ecological aspects of behavior such as predator/prey interactions?
behavioral ecology
283
which approach is the study of social behavior?
sociobiology
284
Who began sociobiology? in what year
E.O. Wilson in 1971
285
What does sociobiology combine?
ethology and behavioral ecology
286
Why does an animal do what it does?
proximate causes
| ultimate causes
287
which cause is an immediate reason, such as an animal eating because it is hungry?
proximate causes
288
Which cause is associated with evolutionary time frame?
ultimate causes
289
What are behavioral patterns development based on?
genes that code for formation of structures
290
what is the completion of development of the animal system?
maturation
291
what is the inner response to stimulus that is genetically programmed?
instinct
292
what are the 5 types of learning?
```
habituation
classical condition
operant conditioning
latent learning
codnitive learning
```
293
What are changes in behavior due to previous experiences?
learning
294
which type of learning is the gradual acclamation to an environmental stimulus?
habituation
295
which type of learning is the learning of associations among events?
classical condition
296
is there reinforcement in classical condition?
no
297
which type of learning is when an animal learns to associate its behavior with a consequence of that behavior?
operant conditioning
298
What else could operant conditioning be known as?
instrumental condition
| trial and error learning
299
is there reinforcement in operant conditioning?
yes
300
what is known as negative reinforcement?
skinner box
301
which type of learning does the animal make associations without immediate reward/reinforcement?
latent learning
302
What kind of learning is latent learning?
exploratory (learns by curiosity)
303
which type of learning is when an animal uses mental processes to solve problems and associate experiences?
cognitive learning
