EXAM 4

Question 1

Focal seizures

Answer 1

originating in one area of the brain

Question 2

Simple focal seizures

Answer 2

affect a small part of the brain. can cause twitching or a change in sensation, such as a strange taste or smell

Question 3

Complex focal seizures

Answer 3

can make a person with epilepsy confused or dazed. will be unable to respond to questions or direction for a few minutes

Question 4

Secondary generalized seizures

Answer 4

begin in one part of the brain, but then spread to both sides of the brain. the person first has a focal seizure then a generalized

Question 5

generalized seizures

Answer 5

Abnormal activity on both sides of the brain

Question 6

Absence seizures(petit mal)

Answer 6

can cause rapid blinking, a few seconds or staring into

space and/or jerking or twitchng muscles

Question 7

Tonic seizures

Answer 7

cause stiffening of muscles of the body, generally the extremeties

Question 8

Clonic seizures

Answer 8

cause repeated jerking movement of muscles on both sides of the body

Question 9

Myoclonic seizures

Answer 9

Cause jerks or twitches of the upper body, arms or legs

Question 10

Tonic-clonic seizures

Answer 10

also called grand mal seizures can make a person: cry out, lose conciousness, have muscle jerks or spasms, phases- tonic, clonic, postical

Question 11

describe the causes and manifestations of dementia

Answer 11

caused by: damage to or loss of of nerve cells and their connections in the brain -neuron degeneration -brain trauma -brain tissue compression -atherosclerosis -infection and neuroinflammation -genetics
manifestations: memory loss, difficulty communicating, visual and spacial abilities, problem solving, confusion

Question 12

describe the pathophysiology or alzheimer disease

Answer 12

degeneration and atrophy of brain tissue due to:

• extracellular beta-amyloid deposits(plaques)
• intracellular neurofibrillary tangles

Question 13

list the causes of increased intracranial pressure(ICP) and the associated clinical manifestations

Answer 13

causes: increase in cranial content, cerebral edema, excessive cerebral spinal fluid(CSF), hemorrhage
Manifestations: headache, confusion, decreased alertness, nausea, and pupils react differently to light

Question 14

describe the normal process of autoregulation in the cerebral blood vessels and explain how autoregulation fails when ICP rises dramatically

Answer 14

autoregulation- blood vessels dilate to ^ blood flow and constrict if ICP’s increased
Cushings reflex- if ICP>MAP, hypothalamus ^ sympathetic stimulation causing: peripheral vasoconstriction, ^ cardiac contractility, ^ CO
Cushing’s triad- hypertension, bradycardia, bradypnea

Question 15

describe the causes and manifestations of hydrocephalus

Answer 15

causes: ^ CSF production, obstruction w/in the ventricular system, deffective reabsorption of CSF
Manifestations: develops slowly- decrease in memory and cognitive function, unsteady and broad gait w/ history of falling, incontinence and dementia. Develops rapidly- signs and symptoms associated with ICP

Question 16

describe the causes and manifestations of parkinsons disease

Answer 16

causes: unknown, genetic vulnerability activated by a environmental trigger is a theory
Manifestations: tremor, slowed movement, rigid muscles, impaired posture or balance, loss of automative movements, speech changes, writing changes