chapter 38

Question 1

describe the pathophysiologic alterations that lead to diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain

Answer 1

Irritable bowel syndrome, genetic factors post-infectious changes, chronic infections and disturbances in the intestinal microbiota; low-grade mucosal inflammation, immune activation, and altered intestinal permeability

Question 2

parietal pain

Answer 2

caused by irritation of fibers that innervate the parietal peritoneum. Parietal pain, in contrast to visceral pain, can be localized to the dermatome superficial to the site of the painful stimulus.

Question 3

visceral pain

Answer 3

occurs when pain receptors in the pelvis, abdomen, chest, or intestines are activated. We experience it when our internal organs and tissues are damaged or injured. Visceral pain is vague, not localized, and not well understood or clearly defined

Question 4

referred pain

Answer 4

the pain you feel in one part of your body is actually caused by pain or injury in another part of your body

Question 5

Discuss the signs and symptoms and physiologic response to acute gastrointestinal bleeding

Answer 5

postural hypotension, light-headedness, loss of vision, tachycardia, oliguria, anoxia, and worse cases death

Question 6

List and briefly explain the various disorders of motility of the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 6

dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, hiatal hernia, irritable bowel syndrome

Question 7

Gastritis causes

Answer 7

NSAIDs (aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen), alcohol, bacteria, stress, Heliobacter pylori infection, auto-immune disease, chron’s disease, HIV/AIDs, gastric surgery

Question 8

Manifestations

Answer 8

nausea/vomiting, bloating and gas, weight loss and/or loss of appetite, anorexia, fullness, epigastric pain

Question 9

Compare the three main types of peptic ulcers: duodenal, gastric, and stress

Answer 9

duodenal: most common peptic ulcer, tend to be in younger people with type O blood….MAY BE COMPLICATED BY HEMORRHAGE.
Gastric:develop in the antral region. the primary defect is an abnormality that increases the mucosal barrier’s permeability to hydrogen ions.
stress:tends to accompany severe illness, systemic trauma, or neural injury. also mental stress. multiple sites of ulceraton are distribute in the stomach or duodenum. decreased mucosal blood flow is an important contributing event in stress ulcer formation Two types.. Ischemic and cushing

Question 10

compare and contrast ulcerative colitis and crohn disease

Answer 10

Idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease that causes ulceration at the colonic mucosa- Ulcerative Colitis
Idiopathic chronic granulomatous inflammatory disease affecting any area of the digestive tract (most commonly the terminal ileum or cecum)- crohn’s disease

Question 11

diverticulitis

Answer 11

inflammation and infection of the the diverticula

Manifestations: fever, nausea/vomiting, lower left abdominal pain, ^ WBC’s (leukocytosis)

Question 12

appendicitis

Answer 12

inflammation of the appendix
Manifestations: vague epigastric and periumbilical pain, increase intensity over a few hours migrating to the right lower quadrent, nausea and vomiting

Question 13

Irritable bowel syndrome

Answer 13

Gi disorder affecting the large intestine

Manifestations: abdominal pain, altered bowel function, bloating gas nausea, constipation or diarrhea