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Animal Parasitology > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Oviperous

A

Egg laying-shelled

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2
Q

Viviparous

A

Live young no shelled eggs

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3
Q

Ovoviviparous

A

Eggs hatch inside the female

Young are born alive

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4
Q

Whip worm

A

Trichuris trichiura

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5
Q

Trichuris life cycle

A
  • unembryonated eggs passed in feces (diagnostic)
  • 2-cell stage
  • advanced cleavage
  • embryo after eggs are ingested (infective)
  • larvae hatch in small intestine
  • adults in cecum
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6
Q

Epidemiology of Trichuriasis

A

Rectal prolapse

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7
Q

Trichina worm

A

Trichinella spiralis

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8
Q

Trichinella spiralis

A
  • among the smallest nematode parasites

- same animal or individual serves as both intermediate and primary host

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9
Q

Trichinosis

A 
Stage 1 - penetration of adult female into the mucosa
12hours-2days after infection
Low grade infection
Worms migration in intestinal epithelium causes
-traumatic damage to the host tissue
- inflammation 
- nausea, vomiting, diarrhea 
-sweating
-respiratory difficulties
- red skin blotches
Stage ends with facial edema and fever
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10
Q

Trichnosis prevention

A 
Cook meat to safe temps
Whole cuts- 145F
Ground- 160F
Clean meat grinders after each use
Don’t let pigs and wild animals eat scrap, raw meat or carcasses
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11
Q

Giant kidney worm

A

Dioctophyme renale

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12
Q

Dioctophyme renale life cycle

A
  1. Unembryonated eggs are shed in urine
  2. Eggs become embryonated in environment
  3. Eggs ingested by intermediate host. Larvae develop to L3
  4. Paratenic host consume intermediate; L3 larvae encysted in tissue
  5. Definitive host becomes infected after ingesting intermediate or paratenic host contains the L3 - infective stage
  6. Humans become infected accidentally after consuming undercooked paratenic host
    Adults in kidney-diagnostic stage
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13
Q

Rhabditiform larvae

A

L1 and L2 stages
Pathogenic form
Non infective
Feeding

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14
Q

Filariform larvae

A 
Infective form
L3 and L4
No skinny Isthmus in esophagus
Nonfeeding 
L4- in body of host
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15
Q

Strongyloides stercoralis

A 
Zoonotic 
Only the female is parasitic 
A) parasitic female- homogonic
B) free living male
C) free living female- heterogonic
Female reproduces through parthenogenesis- eggs develop without male
- Fecally contaminated soil
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16
Q

Strongyloides life cycle

A

-Excretion of Strongyloides larvae
-Infective filariform larvae enter through the intact skin
- visceral migration
- adult female living in intestinal mucosa produces eggs that hatch while still in the intestine
(Auto infection cycle)
- some rhabditiform larvae become filariform and renter intestinal mucosa or peri-anal skin and follow the usual infection cycle

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17
Q

Strongyloidiasis

A

1st phase- cutaneous- invasion of larval stage includes itching swelling
2nd phase- pulmonary phase- migration and bursting out of the lungs can cause lung infection and pneumonia
3rd phase- intestinal phase- female worm in intestinal mucosa cause abdominal pain and shedding of intestinal wall causing blood in fecal matter

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18
Q

Two types of hookworms?

A 
Ancylostoma duodenale (old)
Necator americanus (new)
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19
Q

Life cycle of hookworms

A
  • Eggs are passed in feces
  • Larvae hatch and develop in soil
  • L3 larvae migrate to grass
  • L3 larvae penetrate skin causing “ground itch” and enter bloodstream
  • L3 larvae enter lungs and alveolar spaces causing coughing
  • Coughed up larvae are swallowed
  • Larvae reach small intestine, mature and start feeding
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20
Q

What is geophagy and what causes it?

A

The want to eat soil/dirt

Hookworms

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21
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

Ascaris suum

A 
Suum- pigs
Lum- humans but probably started out with pigs
Both can be parasitic for either
Large size
Probably been around as long as humans
Eggs have a thick shell
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22
Q

Life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides

A 
Eggs in feces
2 cell stage
Advanced cleavage 3~4 weeks
Infective stage L2 
Embryonated egg 
Ingested 
Larvae hatches in intestine 
Burrows into portal circulation
Lungs L3
L4 trachea
Pharynx 
Swallowed
Adults in small intestine
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23
Q

How can you get infected by Ascaris lumbricoides?

A

You have to swallow the eggs
Lack of sanitation
Use of night soil
Fly and roaches can be mechanical vectors

24
Q

Two roundworm types?

A

Toxocara canis

Toxocara cati

25
Q

Toxocara life cycle

A
  • eggs passed in feces. Can appear in feces 2-4 weeks after infection
  • eggs develop in soil. Become infective 2 weeks after being passed in feces- remaining so for years
    -immature worms migrate to liver and then lungs. During migration the larvae can become arrested in organs such as kidneys and liver
  • adults release eggs in dogs small intestine
  • puppies become infected through the placenta and milk
    SECONDARY HOST
  • Secondary host such as earthworms or field mice come in contact with eggs and become carriers
  • secondary host is consumed, eggs and larvae hatch in small intestine
    OR
  • humans can accidentally consume roundworm eggs and become infected. Infections can appear in the eyes, brain etc
26
Q

What kind of larval migrans does canis have

A

Visceral

Migrate through deep tissue and organs

27
Q

Parasite of raccoons?

A

Baylisascaris procyonis

28
Q

Life cycle of Baylisascaris procyonis

A
  • Eggs are passed in the raccoons feces
  • eggs become infective after 3-4 weeks after passage
    DIRECT
  • raccoons are infected when they ingest infective eggs
  • adult roundworms reside in the small intestine of raccoons
    INDIRECT
  • eggs are ingested by other paratenic hosts such as squirrels
  • larvae from eggs migrate to and encysted in tissues particularly the central nervous system and eyes
  • direct pathways ensues
29
Q

Pinworm

A

Enterobius vermicularis

30
Q

Where does Enterobius vermicularis wander

A

Adults occupy the ileocecal region of intestine
-primarily large intestine
Wandering of intestinal tract occurs
Females wander out of anal opening trailing eggs

31
Q

Which parasite has no intermediate hosts?

A

Enterobius vermicularis

32
Q

Life cycle of Enterobius vermicularis

A 
Human ingests infective eggs
Larvae released in intestine
Complete maturation
Adults in intestine 
Females migrate out anus at night
Deposit eggs in perinatal areas
Eggs mature in several hours
- retroinfection
Larvae hatch
Renter intestine
Adults in intestine
33
Q

What parasite cannot complete its life cycle in humans?

A

Gnathostoma spinigerum

34
Q

Gnathostoma spinigerum life cycle

A
  • Eggs become embryonated in water, and eggs release sheathed first-stage larvae (L1) image . -Freshwater copepods, first intermediate hosts, ingest the free-swimming L1, and the larvae molt twice to become early third-stage larvae (EL3)
  • Following ingestion of the copepod by a suitable second intermediate host, the EL3 migrate into the tissues of the host and develop further into advanced L3 larvae (AL3)
  • When the second intermediate host is ingested by a definitive host, the AL3 develop into adult parasites in the gastric wall
  • Alternatively, the second intermediate host may be ingested by a paratenic host, in which the AL3 do not develop further but remain infective
  • Humans become infected by eating raw or undercooked meat of second intermediate or paratenic hosts containing AL3
35
Q

First intermediate host in Gnathostoma spinigerum life cycle?

A

Copepod

36
Q

What parasite has a swollen head bulb with ballonets?

A

Gnathostoma spinigerum

37
Q

Physaloptera spp.

A 
Occurs in variety of vertebrates 
Mainly in stomach of mammals 
Life cycle not completely known
Beloved to be transmitted by an insect
Syphalic collar contains teeth or spines
38
Q

Spirocerca lupi

A

Causes esophageal nodules in dogs
These range from nonneoplastic to malignant
Spirocercosis

39
Q

Spirocerca lupin life cycle

A
  • L3 larvae emerge from dung beetle in the stomach, penetrate the stomach wall and migrate to gastric arteries. Larvae then travel upstream to aorta
  • the L3 larvae may spend up to 3 months inside nodules in the wall of the aorta. Here the L4 larval stage finally emerge from the nodules as young adults. Results in aneurism formation with aortic wall which may burst at any time leading to acute death
  • migration through the aorta and into the wall of the esophagus occurs where more do dukes each containing several adult worms are formed. Adults emerge forms. Small opening to lay eggs into the esophagus. Nodules may impede swallowing and often become cancerous
  • eggs are swallowed passed out in feces and are ingested by dung beetles. Larvae hatch from the eggs and encysted in the dung beetles. Beetles may be directly ingested or ingested with feces by coprophagous dogs.
    Or paratenic host
40
Q

Intermediate host in the life cycle of Spirocerca lupi?

A

Dung beetle

41
Q

What is the vector for Wuchereria bancrofti

A

Mosquito
Aedes
Anopheles
Culex

42
Q

Life cycle of Lymphatic filariasis

A
  • infected mosquito deposits larvae on the skin while biting and they enter the wound
  • larvae migrate to vessels and nodes of the lymphatic system where they develop into thread like adult worms
  • adults live 5-7 years and can do serious damage causing infections that lead to swelling blockages and fever
  • fertilized female worms release embryonic offspring called microfilariae that enter the blood stream. They circulate at night when mosquitos bite in blood vessels near the skin
  • mosquito takes an infected blood meal
  • in several stages inside a mosquitos midgut they develop into infectious stages
  • larvae migrate to the proboscis
  • infected mosquito continues cycle
43
Q

Larvae in an infected mosquito

A 
Mosquito
Infective 3rd larval stage L3
Migrate to lymphatic (gut)
Molt into adult
Microfilariae
Mosquito 
L1
L2
L3
44
Q

Plays a roll in the worms ability to create inflammation as well as probably reproduce

A

Wolbachia bacteria

45
Q

What drug is used to combat Wuchereria bancrofti

A

DEC
Dicthylcabomazine
- impacts mainly by killing the microfilariae

46
Q

What causes river blindness

A

Onchocerca volvulus

47
Q

What is the vector for Onchocerca volvulus

A

Black fly (Simulium)

48
Q

What kind of habitat does the black fly require for its larvae?

A

Needs lots of oxygen

Flowing water

49
Q

Eye worm

A

Loa loa

50
Q

What is the vector for Loa loa

A

Deer fly (Chrysops)

51
Q

What time of day are the Loa loa microfilariae in the blood?

A

During daylight hours when the vector is active

52
Q

Dog heart worm

A

Dirofilaria immitis

53
Q

Vector for Firofilaria immitis?

A

Mosquito

54
Q

Where does the adult worm Dirofilaria immitis stay

A

Primarily in right ventricle

55
Q

Guinea worm

A

Dracunculus medinensis

56
Q

What is one of the longest know nematodes?

A

Dracunculus medinensis

57
Q

Life cycle of Dracunculus medinensis

A

Larvae are consumed by water fleas
Humans drink water contaminated with infected water fleas
Larvae mature to worms and reproduce inside human
Females migrate to skin and release larvae into water

Animal Parasitology (6 decks)

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