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Animal Parasitology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

3 classes of flatworms

A

Turbellaria
Trematoda
Cestoda

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2
Q

Life cycle stages

A

Egg-miracidium-sporocyst-redia-cercaria-metacercaria

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3
Q

Upon entering a snail the miracudium loses its cilia and transforms into a sac-like body called a

A

Sporocyst

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4
Q

Miracidum morphology- small elongate organism covered by

A

Cilia

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5
Q

Miracidium

At anterior end is the ____ that functions in contacting the snail intermediate host.

A

Apical papilla

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6
Q

Miracidium
The apical papilla contains openings from ____ When a snail is contacted the penetration glands secrete enzymes to aid in embedding the miracidium within the snails tissues

A

Apical gland

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7
Q

Miracidium

____ are common for photo reception

A

Eye spots

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8
Q

A mass of _____ lies in the posterior end. These cells divide asexually to form the next larval generation

A

Germinal cells

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9
Q

Sporocyst

A
  • no mouth or digestive system

- germinal sacs; mother sporocyst - daughter sporocyst or redos or cercaria

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10
Q

In some digenetic trematodes, the germ cells in the mother sporocyst divide asexually to give rise to another generation of sporocyst s called _____ Mother sporocyst bursts to release these daughter sporocyst a

A

Daughter sporocyst

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11
Q

In other trematodes the germ cells of the mother sporocyst form a new larval stage called the

A

Redial stage

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12
Q

Each redia contains a ___ and short ____

A

Mouth

Intestine

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13
Q

___ in the mother rediae may develop into a second generation of rediae called ____ or may develop into ____ or ____

A

Host tissue
Germinal cells
Daughter redia
Cercaria

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14
Q

Where do Metacercaria occur

A

May occur within a second intermediate host or on aquatic vegetation

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15
Q

When the second intermeduate host or aquatic vegetation containing metacercaria ______ in the digestive tract and matures to the _____

A

Excyst

Adult stage

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16
Q

Family Diplostomidae

Alaria americana

A

Parasite of carnivorous animals
May involve multiple intermediate hosts forming a mesocercaria
Paratenic hosts

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17
Q

Paratenic host

A

Not essential but can help bridge the gap between intermediate host and the primary so that the parasite can finish its life cycle

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18
Q

Life cycle of Alaria americana

A

Alaria americana is a three- host trematode that lives as adults in the intestine of the dog definitive host. Eggs are passed in faeces and hatch in water, releasing miracidia which penetrate the helisomid freshwater snails (first intermediate host) and develop through the sporocyst stage into fercocircus cercaria that penetrates a tadpole (second intermediate host) and transforms into the unencysted stage called mesocercaria

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19
Q

Black spot

A

Uvulifer
Encysted parasite on minnows
Produce melamine that surrounds the cyst to make the black spot
Kingfisher bird

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20
Q

Life cycle of Uvulifer

A 
Egg
Miracidium 
Sporocyst
(Snail) first intermediate 
Fircocircus cercaria free living
Metacercaria
Fish (second intermediate)
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21
Q

What was Shistosomiasis formerly known as

A

Bilharzia
German dude
Discovered the worm named it after himself

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22
Q

Name the three important species of Schistosoma infecting humans

A

Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium
Schistosoma japonicum

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23
Q

The slave trade introduced S. mansoni to South America but why not North America?

A

Aquatic snail intermediate host

Tropical climate

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24
Q

How is the Schistosoma parasite unique among digeneans?

A

Dioecious

Sexually dimorphic

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25
Q

Schistosoma Mansoni morphology

A

Most spines
6-8 testes
Smallest
Live in the veins around the urinary bladder

26
Q

Schistosoma haematobium morphology

A

4-5 testes

Venules-veins

27
Q

Schistosoma japonicum

A 
Largest
7 testes
No spines
Produce the most eggs
1500-3000 eggs a day
28
Q

How do female Schistosoma mature

A

The female is housed in the gynecophoral canal and most remain in contact with the male so that it can get the nutrients it needs to mature. If it doesn’t meet a male then it cannot mature or produce eggs and will die

29
Q

Schistosoma life cycle

A

Schistosoma eggs are eliminated with feces or urine, depending on species image . Under appropriate conditions the eggs hatch and release miracidia image , which swim and penetrate specific snail intermediate hosts image . The stages in the snail include two generations of sporocysts image and the production of cercariae image . Upon release from the snail, the infective cercariae swim, penetrate the skin of the human host image , and shed their forked tails, becoming schistosomulae

30
Q

Granulomas

A

Calcified nodules

31
Q

How do you control Schistosoma?

A

Snail control
Adequate sewage treatment
Education
Medication

32
Q

What is the drug used for the early stages of Schistosoma?

A

Praziquantel

33
Q

Night soil

A

Human waste as fertilizer
Illegal in the US
Runoff into water passing parasites

34
Q

Fasciola hepatica

A 
Probably the most studied of the trematodes
Oral cone and shoulders 
Regiment with spines
Adult in bile passages
Watercress
35
Q

Life cycle of Fasciola hepatica

A 
-Water-
Operculated egg in feces
Egg embryonates in water
-Snails-
Miracidium penetrates snail
Sporocyst
1st gen redia
2nd gen redia
-WaterPlants-
Free swimming cercaria
-Herbivores/man-
Metacercaria 
~ingested
Excysts in duodenum
~penetrates duodenum wall
~enters peritoneal cavity 
~penetrates liver
~settles in biliary passages
36
Q

Symptoms and pathology of Fasciola hepatica

A
  • chills, fever m, backache, cirrhotic liver, inflammation and edema in bile duct
  • migrating juveniles cause abscesses
  • eggs in fecal matter
  • Halzoun from infected liver consumption
37
Q

Other Fasciolid species

A

Fasciola gigantica

Fasciolopsis buski - 2 times bigger than hepatica

38
Q

Dicrocoelium dentriticum

A

Lance like liver fluke
Rarely infects humans; bile duct/ gallbladder in sheep and cattle
Unusual in that no aquatic life stage occurs

39
Q 
Morphology of Dicrocoelium dendriticum 
Characteristic feature is the \_\_\_\_\_
-testes are lined in tandem
-posterior to the testes is \_\_\_\_\_
Posterior portion of body consists of a \_\_\_\_
A

Pointed on both ends (lance)
And dilobed testes
Ovary
Uterus

40
Q

Life cycle of Dicrocoelium

A

Eggs
Eggs ingested by snail
(Miracidum, sporocyst, redia, cercaria, inside snail tissue)
Cercariae are released from the snail via the respiratory pore in a slime bail
Metacercariae on ants
Cattle

41
Q

Chinese liver fluke

A

Clonorchis sinensis

42
Q

How do you get Clonorchis sinensis

A

Eating raw or undercooked fish

43
Q

Life cycle of Clonorchis sinensis

A 
Egg hatches in water
-snail first intermediate host
Miracidum, sporocyst, redia (in snail)
Cercaria
Encysted Metacercaria in fish musculature
-fish second intermediate host
Consumption of infected fish
Excysting Metacercaria 
Excysted Metacercaria 
Adult
44
Q

Two types of life cycles what are they

A

Order Cyclophyllidea

Order Psiedophyllidea

45
Q

Pseudophyllidea pattern

A 
Egg 
Coracidium
Procercoid
Plerocercoid
Adult cestode
46
Q

Cyclophyllidea

A 
Egg
Oncosphere
- Cysticercus
-Cysticercoid
-Coenurus
-Hydatid
Adult cestode
47
Q

Broad fish tapeworm

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

48
Q

Life cycle of Diphyllobothrium latum

A

Egg release coracidia
Coracidia are ingested by copepods
Coracidia becomes Procercoid larvae
Copepod is ingested by fish, release larvae
Procercoid larvae become Plerocercoid larvae
Humans ingest fish and plerocercoid

49
Q

Beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

50
Q

Life cycle of Taenia saginata

A 
Eggs in feces
Ingested by specific intermediate host
Hecacanth embryo released in intestine of host
Penetrates mucosa to tissue
Develops into cysticercus
-Cow
Human ingests undercooked meat
Cysticercus dissolved in intestine
Scolex released
Attaches to intestine 
Develops into adult
51
Q

Taenia solium

A

Pork tapeworm

52
Q

Life cycle of Taenia solium

A 
Eggs in feces
Ingested by specific intermediate host
Hecacanth embryo released in intestine of host
Penetrates mucosa to tissue
Develops into cysticercus
-Pig
Human ingests undercooked meat
Cysticercus dissolved in intestine
Scolex released
Attaches to intestine 
Develops into adult
53
Q

Echinococcus granulosis

A 
Small species
Canines are usually primary host
Wide variety of intermediate hosts
Rossellini with hooks
Usually only 3 proglottids
Forms unilocular hydatid cyst in intermediate host
54
Q

Life cycle of Echinoccocus granulosis

A

Egg in feces
Oncosphere hatches penetrates intestinal wall
Hydatid cyst in liver, lungs etc
Protoscolex from cyst
Scolex attaches to intestine
Adult in small intestine
-ingestion of eggs in feces (sheep, goats etc)
Ingestion of cysts in organs (dogs/carnivores

55
Q

Name the layers of the Hydatid cyst from outside to the inside

A

Adventitial layer
Laminated layer
Germinal layer

56
Q

Echinococcus multilocularis

A

Adult occurs in large canids
Small rodents serve as intermediate hosts
Primarily in Europe but also in tundra areas
Produces a multilocular Hydatid cyst whose outer layer can metastasize into host tissue
Zoonotic- relies on predator prey relationship
Germinal layer can spread to other organs and can be confused with cancer
Larval stage is the problem

57
Q

Dwarf tapeworm

A

Hymenolepis nana

58
Q

Hymenolepis nana life cycle

A

Eggs are immediately infective when passed with the stool and cannot survive more than 10 days in the external environment. When eggs are ingested by an arthropod intermediate host (various species of beetles and fleas may serve as intermediate hosts), they develop into cysticercoids, which can infect humans or rodents upon ingestion and develop into adults in the small intestine
Flea- has to infect larval stage cause no chewing parts
Auto infection can bypass intermediate hosts all together

59
Q

Dog tapeworm

A

Dipylidium caninum

60
Q

Dipylidium caninum
Eggs ingested by intermediate host- _____
_____ develops in the body cavity of louse or flea
When flea or louse is ingested by dog or human cysticercoid becomes adult in small intestine

A

Larval flea transformed into adult flea

Cysticercoid

61
Q

Cysticercoid

A

Fleshy tail

Inverted scolex

Animal Parasitology (6 decks)

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