Exam 2

Question 1

What are important characteristics of ciliate protozoans?

Answer 1

Cilia located all the way around
Macro and micro nucleus
Micro- replication

Question 2

Explain the effects of acute toxoplasmosis vs congenital toxoplasmosis

Answer 2

Acute- parasite doing I tail invasion in digestive tract- mild or asymptomatic
Congenital- only in pregnant human females where they pass it on to the fetus

Question 3

Who discovered the phenomena of exflagellation in Plasmodium? What is the significance of this phenomena?

Answer 3

Louis Laveran

Being able to distinguish between malaria alone

Question 4

What is the reason for a malarial relapse? What species are associated with relapse?

Answer 4

Vivax, Ovale- relapses

Relapses occur because P. vivax and P. ovale have dormant liver stage parasites (“hypnozoites”) that may reactivate. Treatment to reduce the chance of such relapses is available and should follow treatment of the first attack.

Question 5

What is the significance of the date, August 16, 1897 in the annals of protozoology?

Answer 5

Ronald Ross

Proved the role of the Anopheles mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria parasites in humans

Question 6

Why is malaria not as prominent a disease in the US as it was a hundred years ago?

Answer 6

Mosquito control
Screened windows
Spray
Eliminate stagnant water
Bug spray- deet

Question 7

What mosquito is prominent in spreading of malaria to humans? How does it compare to other types of mosquitos?

Answer 7

Only one genus- Anopheles
Many species
Female blood feeders
Palps same size as proboscis

Question 8

What was the first anti-malarial drugs used to treat malaria?

Answer 8

Quinine

Isolated from the Cinchona bark

Question 9

Why are malarial parasites hard to kill using vaccinations?

Answer 9

Eukaryotic cells
Lots of DNA
Can produce a # of different genes that are hard to target

Question 10

What is black water fever

Answer 10

Blackwater fever is a complication of malaria infection in which red blood cells burst in the bloodstream (hemolysis), releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure.

Question 11

What is the causative agent of duck malaria? What are the effects on host?

Answer 11

Leucocytozoon

Chills, fever, weight loss, flight loss

Question 12

Who discovered that ticks were the vectors of babesiosis in cattle?

Answer 12

Theobald Smith & Kilborn

First to show Arthropods as vectors 1880

Question 13

What accounts for the severity of babesiosis in some cattle but not in others?

Answer 13

Age
Breed
Immune system
Pre existing conditions

Question 14

Transstadial transmission vs

Transovarial transmission

Answer 14

Occurs in ticks
Stadial- do carry it to the next stage
Ovarial- female has parasite and passes it to eggs so they all have parasite. One host vector

Question 15

What biologist was the first to propose that mosquitoes are important vectors of disease?

Answer 15

Patrick Manson

Demonstrated mosquitoes can transmit larva stage of trematodes

Question 16

What cells are initially infected by sporozoites in a primary host that has theileriosis?

Answer 16

Sporozoites attack and invade a lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell)

Question 17

Found primarily in pigs?

Answer 17

Balantidium coli

Question 18

Balantidium coli

Answer 18

Primarily in pigs
Large size
Balantidiosis- occurs when malnourished widespread and close association of humans to pigs occurs

Question 19

What is the infective stage of the fish disease known as ick?

Answer 19

Infective stage is free swimming trophozoite (tomites, theronts)

Question 20

Ichthyophthirius multifilis

Answer 20

Known as ick or white spot disease
- infective stage is free swimming trophozoite
Tomont- cyst
Tomites- swimming trophozoite

Question 21

What does the white spot on the fish contain?

Answer 21

Mature protozoan parasites

Question 22

Phylum Apicomplexa

Answer 22

All are parasitic
No locomotor organelles except flagellated microgametes in some
Apical complex

Question 23

Apicomplexan life cycle

Answer 23

Gamonts- (gametogony) gametes- (fusion) zygote- oocyst- (sporogony) sporozoites- (merogony) Merozoites

Question 24

Monocystis

Answer 24

Earthworms

Question 25

Gregarina

Answer 25

Mealworms

Question 26

Coccidiosis symptoms

Answer 26

Standing hunched with ruffled feathers
Paleness
Eating/drinking less
Inactive/alone
Off color/ bloody droppings

Question 27

Coccidian Parasites- Family Eimeriidae

Answer 27

• a ton of species
• most occur in epithelial tissues
• some in blood
• micro & macrogamonts develop without syzygy
• over 20 genera in Family Eimeriidae alone
• Eimera spp.

Question 28

9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Duadenum

Answer 28

E. acervulina
E. mivati 
E. hagani 
E. praecox
E. mitis

Question 29

9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Small intestine

Answer 29

E. necatrix - highly pathogenic

E. maxima

Question 30

9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Large intestine

Answer 30

E. brunetti- high path

Question 31

9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Caecum

Answer 31

E. tenella- high path

Question 32

Family Sarcocystidae

Toxoplasma gondii

Answer 32

Disease known as -toxoplasmosis
Felines are primary host
Cats- enterieputhdlial & extraintestinal
Other- only extra
-congenital toxoplasmosis- from pregnant mother to fetus

Question 33

Pathogenesis of Toxoplasmosis

Answer 33

Early- low transmission, but severe disease
Late- high transmission, more benign symptoms
* Intracerebral calcification
* Hydrocephaly

Question 34

Benign Tertian Malaria

Plasmodium vivax and ovale

Answer 34

48 hr cycle of chills and fever
Can only invade reticulocytes- 6% of rbc’s
Primarily of tropics
Hynozoite- formation and relapses
Shuffners dots
Duffy blood groups- vivax

Question 35

Quarter Malaria- Plasmodium malariae

Answer 35

Cosmopolitan
Paroxysms follow a 72 hour cycle
Only human Plasmodium species that has animal reservoirs
Low parasitemia- 1 in 20,000 rbc’s but may persist for years
Only infects old/aging red blood cells
Slow buildup in circulation- blood smears difficult

Question 36

Malignant Tertian Malaria- Plasmodium falciperum

Answer 36

Most dangerous 
Account for ~ 50% of all malarial cases
48 hours paroxysms 
Merozoites can invade rbc’s of any age
RBC knobs
Black water fever
Cerebral malaria

Question 37

Heterozygote advantage
Homozygous dominant (normal)
AA

Answer 37

Die or reduced reproduction from malaria

Prone to infection like p. Falciperum

Question 38

Heterozygote advantage
Homozygous recessive
aa

Answer 38

Die or reduced reproduction from sickle cell anemia
Doesn’t carry oxygen well
Sticks and clogs

Question 39

Heterozygote advantage
Heterozygote carriers
Aa

Answer 39

Survive and reproduce more
More common in population
Red blood cells cannot be penetrated by plasmodium

Question 40

Haemoproteus columbae

Answer 40

In pigeons

Vector- Culicoides flies

Question 41

Leucocytozoon simondi

Answer 41

Ducks, geese, swans

Vector- Simulidae flies

Question 42

Vector for L. simondi?

Answer 42

Flies

Simulidae

Question 43

Vector for H. columbae

Answer 43

Flies

Culicodes

Question 44

What is the phylum Apicomplexa named after? Describe

Answer 44

Apical complex

Question 45

What process produce Merozoites

Answer 45

In coccidiosis, merozoites form the first phase of the internal life cycle of coccidian. In the case of Plasmodium, merozoites infect red blood cells and then rapidly reproduce asexually. The red blood cell host is destroyed by this process, which releases many new merozoites that go on to find new blood-borne hosts.

Question 46

What causes coccidiosis

Answer 46

Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract of animals caused by coccidian protozoa. The disease spreads from one animal to another by contact with infected feces or ingestion of infected tissue. Diarrhea, which may become bloody in severe cases, is the primary symptom.

Question 47

What causes Texas cattle fever?

Answer 47

Babesia bigemina

Question 48

Babesia bigemina

Answer 48

Texas cattle fever
Babesiosis in humans
Ticks- vector
Genus- Boophilus