Exam 2 Flashcards
What are important characteristics of ciliate protozoans?
Cilia located all the way around
Macro and micro nucleus
Micro- replication
Explain the effects of acute toxoplasmosis vs congenital toxoplasmosis
Acute- parasite doing I tail invasion in digestive tract- mild or asymptomatic
Congenital- only in pregnant human females where they pass it on to the fetus
Who discovered the phenomena of exflagellation in Plasmodium? What is the significance of this phenomena?
Louis Laveran
Being able to distinguish between malaria alone
What is the reason for a malarial relapse? What species are associated with relapse?
Vivax, Ovale- relapses
Relapses occur because P. vivax and P. ovale have dormant liver stage parasites (“hypnozoites”) that may reactivate. Treatment to reduce the chance of such relapses is available and should follow treatment of the first attack.
What is the significance of the date, August 16, 1897 in the annals of protozoology?
Ronald Ross
Proved the role of the Anopheles mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria parasites in humans
Why is malaria not as prominent a disease in the US as it was a hundred years ago?
Mosquito control Screened windows Spray Eliminate stagnant water Bug spray- deet
What mosquito is prominent in spreading of malaria to humans? How does it compare to other types of mosquitos?
Only one genus- Anopheles
Many species
Female blood feeders
Palps same size as proboscis
What was the first anti-malarial drugs used to treat malaria?
Quinine
Isolated from the Cinchona bark
Why are malarial parasites hard to kill using vaccinations?
Eukaryotic cells
Lots of DNA
Can produce a # of different genes that are hard to target
What is black water fever
Blackwater fever is a complication of malaria infection in which red blood cells burst in the bloodstream (hemolysis), releasing hemoglobin directly into the blood vessels and into the urine, frequently leading to kidney failure.
What is the causative agent of duck malaria? What are the effects on host?
Leucocytozoon
Chills, fever, weight loss, flight loss
Who discovered that ticks were the vectors of babesiosis in cattle?
Theobald Smith & Kilborn
First to show Arthropods as vectors 1880
What accounts for the severity of babesiosis in some cattle but not in others?
Age
Breed
Immune system
Pre existing conditions
Transstadial transmission vs
Transovarial transmission
Occurs in ticks
Stadial- do carry it to the next stage
Ovarial- female has parasite and passes it to eggs so they all have parasite. One host vector
What biologist was the first to propose that mosquitoes are important vectors of disease?
Patrick Manson
Demonstrated mosquitoes can transmit larva stage of trematodes
What cells are initially infected by sporozoites in a primary host that has theileriosis?
Sporozoites attack and invade a lymphocyte (a type of white blood cell)
Found primarily in pigs?
Balantidium coli
Balantidium coli
Primarily in pigs
Large size
Balantidiosis- occurs when malnourished widespread and close association of humans to pigs occurs
What is the infective stage of the fish disease known as ick?
Infective stage is free swimming trophozoite (tomites, theronts)
Ichthyophthirius multifilis
Known as ick or white spot disease
- infective stage is free swimming trophozoite
Tomont- cyst
Tomites- swimming trophozoite
What does the white spot on the fish contain?
Mature protozoan parasites
Phylum Apicomplexa
All are parasitic
No locomotor organelles except flagellated microgametes in some
Apical complex
Apicomplexan life cycle
Gamonts- (gametogony) gametes- (fusion) zygote- oocyst- (sporogony) sporozoites- (merogony) Merozoites
Monocystis
Earthworms
Gregarina
Mealworms
Coccidiosis symptoms
Standing hunched with ruffled feathers Paleness Eating/drinking less Inactive/alone Off color/ bloody droppings
Coccidian Parasites- Family Eimeriidae
- a ton of species
- most occur in epithelial tissues
- some in blood
- micro & macrogamonts develop without syzygy
- over 20 genera in Family Eimeriidae alone
- Eimera spp.
9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Duadenum
E. acervulina E. mivati E. hagani E. praecox E. mitis
9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Small intestine
E. necatrix - highly pathogenic
E. maxima
9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Large intestine
E. brunetti- high path
9 different species of the parasitic protozoan are known to infect diff regions of the avian digestive tract
Caecum
E. tenella- high path
Family Sarcocystidae
Toxoplasma gondii
Disease known as -toxoplasmosis
Felines are primary host
Cats- enterieputhdlial & extraintestinal
Other- only extra
-congenital toxoplasmosis- from pregnant mother to fetus
Pathogenesis of Toxoplasmosis
Early- low transmission, but severe disease
Late- high transmission, more benign symptoms
* Intracerebral calcification
* Hydrocephaly
Benign Tertian Malaria
Plasmodium vivax and ovale
48 hr cycle of chills and fever Can only invade reticulocytes- 6% of rbc’s Primarily of tropics Hynozoite- formation and relapses Shuffners dots Duffy blood groups- vivax
Quarter Malaria- Plasmodium malariae
Cosmopolitan
Paroxysms follow a 72 hour cycle
Only human Plasmodium species that has animal reservoirs
Low parasitemia- 1 in 20,000 rbc’s but may persist for years
Only infects old/aging red blood cells
Slow buildup in circulation- blood smears difficult
Malignant Tertian Malaria- Plasmodium falciperum
Most dangerous Account for ~ 50% of all malarial cases 48 hours paroxysms Merozoites can invade rbc’s of any age RBC knobs Black water fever Cerebral malaria
Heterozygote advantage
Homozygous dominant (normal)
AA
Die or reduced reproduction from malaria
Prone to infection like p. Falciperum
Heterozygote advantage
Homozygous recessive
aa
Die or reduced reproduction from sickle cell anemia
Doesn’t carry oxygen well
Sticks and clogs
Heterozygote advantage
Heterozygote carriers
Aa
Survive and reproduce more
More common in population
Red blood cells cannot be penetrated by plasmodium
Haemoproteus columbae
In pigeons
Vector- Culicoides flies
Leucocytozoon simondi
Ducks, geese, swans
Vector- Simulidae flies
Vector for L. simondi?
Flies
Simulidae
Vector for H. columbae
Flies
Culicodes
What is the phylum Apicomplexa named after? Describe
Apical complex
What process produce Merozoites
In coccidiosis, merozoites form the first phase of the internal life cycle of coccidian. In the case of Plasmodium, merozoites infect red blood cells and then rapidly reproduce asexually. The red blood cell host is destroyed by this process, which releases many new merozoites that go on to find new blood-borne hosts.
What causes coccidiosis
Coccidiosis is a parasitic disease of the intestinal tract of animals caused by coccidian protozoa. The disease spreads from one animal to another by contact with infected feces or ingestion of infected tissue. Diarrhea, which may become bloody in severe cases, is the primary symptom.
What causes Texas cattle fever?
Babesia bigemina
Babesia bigemina
Texas cattle fever
Babesiosis in humans
Ticks- vector
Genus- Boophilus
