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SDSU Psychology 365 > Exam 4 > Flashcards

Exam 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the types of alcohol?

A

Beer, Wine, Distilled Spirits

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2
Q

What is proof?

A

A type of measurement of alcohol and is just 2x the % of alcohol

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3
Q

How do we calculate alcohol in a drink?

A

The # of oz and multiply by the corresponding alcohol % as a decimal

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4
Q

What is the amount of alcohol in a beer?

A

5-7%

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5
Q

What is the amount of alcohol in a wine?

A

12-14%

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6
Q

What is the amount of alcohol in a distilled spirit?

A

40-50%

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7
Q

What is fermentation?

A

The process of making wine by converting natural sugars into ethyl alcohol by using yeasts
Yeasts will break down the sugar and create a fermented product.

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8
Q

Why cant fermentation become more concentrated than 12-14%?

A

It cannot get more concentrated because too much alcohol will kill yeasts and if they are killed, they won’t make anymore alcohol so it’s concentration will not increase

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9
Q

What is brewing?

A

A process that makes beer from barley grain

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10
Q

What is distillation?

A

The process that makes liquor. We place fermented products in the chamber and boil alcohol with water. Since alcohol boils faster it will create a steam that travels and as it cools creates a concentrated liquor.

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11
Q

Alcohol is more soluble in ______ than ______ (dissolves in both)

A

Alcohol is more soluble in water than fat

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12
Q

How long (after they drink) would it take for BAC to peak?

A

30-90 minutes

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13
Q

What happens when someone drinks on an empty stomach?

A

They absorb 20% more alcohol because our stomach will immediately begin to be absorbed as it moves into our small intestine. The remaining 80% is absorbed in the small intestine.

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14
Q

What is BAC?

A

Blood-Alcohol Concentration

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15
Q

What is alcohols half-life?

A

It does not have a half life, it will gradually decrease in a steady state

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16
Q

About ___ of alcohol is broken down by ________?

A

About 95% of alcohol is broken down by Alcohol Dehydrogenase

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17
Q

About ___ of alcohol is unmetabolized and can come out through _______

A

About 5% of alcohol is unmetabolized and can come out through respiration

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18
Q

The alcohol that is broken down is mainly broken down where?

A

In the liver

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19
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

This is when a drug is broken down in the body before it hits the bloodstream

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20
Q

Which drug does first pass metabolism affect?

A

Alcohol, if the stomach is full, alot more first pass metabolism will occur and break down more of the alcohol because metabolism will be slowed down by contents

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21
Q

Where does most of the alcohol come out from?

A

Urine

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22
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The process of metabolization where alcohol is broken down by alcohol dehydrogenase and be converted into acetaldehyde. Then, acetaldehyde will be broken down by aldehyde dehydrogenase and convert it into acetic acid. Acetic acid breaks down even more and converts into CO2, water, and energy.

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23
Q

About how many drinks are broken down every hour?

A

One drink

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24
Q

t/f our body cannot oxidize alcohol as it enters

A

False, it can. If we drink it slowly, we will have little to no effects because our body keeps up regulation

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25
Q

What is the legal limit for DUI?

A

0.08 BAC

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26
Q

How do we calculate BAC using weight, drinks and time after?

A

We use the chart to find the BAC for the weight. We will then get a BAC value but we will have to multiply 0.015 * the number of hours because some metabolization has occurred. After that, we subtract the amount of metabolization by the original BAC

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27
Q

How does solubility relate to alcohol’s mechanism of action?

A

Because of this is can function like general anesthetics. It will cross the membranes of neurons very easily and cause the terminal buttons to swell.

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28
Q

How does alcohol function like an anesthetic?

A

It can cause terminal buttons to swell. If they swell, the amount of neurotransmitters that are released can cause the central nervous system to be suppressed

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29
Q

What neurotransmitters does alcohol mainly affect?

A

Glutamate, GABA, and serotonin

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30
Q

How does alcohol affect glutamate?

A

it will reduce the release of glutamate (excitatory) and act as a sedative/depressant

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31
Q

How does alcohol withdrawal induce seizures?

A

Glutamate will produce upregulation because alcohol inhibits its receptor. When someone quits drinking there is an abundance of receptors. Glutamate will be released again and it can overexcite the brain.

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32
Q

How does alcohol affect GABA?

A

GABA channels are stimulated by alcohol. Some evidence suggests that alcohol binds and activates the same sites as Benzodiazepene which functions as a CNS depressant

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33
Q

How does alcohol affect serotonin?

A

We are finding that blocking serotonin (with other drugs) can potentially lessen the cravings

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34
Q

What is expectancy?

A

It is what someone expects to happen when they are on drugs. It will guide how they feel and their experiences while on drugs

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35
Q

What is behavioral inhibition?

A

It is the mechanism (frontal lobe) that acts as a filter. Since alcohol is a depressant, this filter will be decreased

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36
Q

How do police test if drivers under the influence?

A

By assessing their motor function

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37
Q

What cognitive function does alcohol affect?

A

Memory, people usually blackout and wont remember what happened when intoxicated
Attention, concentration, and processing is also impaired

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38
Q

Is hallucination common in alcohol users?

A

Only when they have a long history of drinking high doses

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39
Q

What is confabulations?

A

This is when high alcohol users present memory issues but instead of admitting it, they will make stuff up.

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40
Q

Why do blackouts happen?

A

This usually happens when someone drank too much too quick.

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41
Q

What type of sleeping is affected by alcohol?

A

REM sleep.

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42
Q

What happens when people are deprived of REM?

A

They tend to feel bad,poor cognitive function, etc

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43
Q

What is aphrodisiac?

A

it is when a substance induces sexual behavior. Alcohol is thought to do this. Although they have a sexual desire, that does not mean they can perform it

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44
Q

Why is nausea and vomitting common with alcohol?

A

Because it is a gastric irritant.

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45
Q

When does loss of consciousness occur?

A

At high doses of alcohol

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46
Q

What happens if someone is unconscious and vomiting?

A

They can die from asphyxiation because they can breathe the vomit in the lungs.

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47
Q

How does alcohol affect dehydration?

A

Alcohol is a diuretic meaning its chemicals increase urine (more water comes out of body)

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48
Q

What is the antidiuretic hormone?

A

It is produced in the hypothalamus and released by pituitary gland. Alcohol blocks it and by doing so, it causes urine to be released instead of staying in the body.

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49
Q

What are congeners?

A

Chemicals in alcohol that give color and tase but can cause hangover symptoms

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50
Q

Why is it bad to take acetaminophen?

A

It is an analgesic (like tylenol) and it is very bad for our liver.

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51
Q

Why is it bad to take ibuprofen?

A

Because it can irritate the stomach and is a blood thinner

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52
Q

Alcohol increases the chance of which heart problem?

A

Cardiac arythmia

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53
Q

What are the effects of small amounts of alcohol and HDL?

A

It can increase HDL ( good cholesterol) which is a benefit

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54
Q

What are the effects of low amounts of alcohol on the blood?

A

Alcohol thins the blood so it reduces the risk of stroke and can reduce the risk of diabetes mellitus and vascular dementia

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55
Q

What types of tolerance is there to alcohol?

A

metabolic, functional and environmental

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56
Q

What is metabolic tolerance to alcohol?

A

The liver will start to increase enzymes that break down alcohol. Chronic alcoholics will have a hard time because there will be reverse tolerance here

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57
Q

What is functional tolerance to alcohol?

A

Over time, neurotransmitter will not be as responsive to the same amts of alcohol

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58
Q

What is environment tolerance to alcohol?

A

Our body can regulate metabolic processes depending on where you are. If you are in a place that you know has alcohol, it can begin metabolic processes sooner

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59
Q

What neurotransmitter has an effect on dependence?

A

Dopamine

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60
Q

What is delerium tremens?

A

A withdrawal syndrome that includes hallucination, confusion, sleep disorders

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61
Q

What is binge drinking?

A

5 drinks or more in a row for men

4 drinks or more in a row for women

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62
Q

Can binge drinking lead to alcoholism and abuse?

A

Yes

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63
Q

What is type 1 Alcoholics?

A

It is when people tend to develop drinking problems later in life (30-40) and generally function well in society. There is a strong environmental factor that led them to drinking. They are also more likely to binge

64
Q

What is type 2 Alcoholics?

A

It is people who developed drinking problem early in life (under 25) and function poorly in society.There is some genetic factor and these people don’t binge, they drink consistently

65
Q

How does alcohol function in people of asian descent?

A

Alot of people of Asian descent lack acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and possibly alcohol dehydrogenase so when they drink, the effect of acetaldehyde will be higher. This is why they are less likely to be alcoholics because it is not rewarding for them

66
Q

Identical twins share how much genes?

A

100%

67
Q

Fraternal twins share how much genes?

A

50%

68
Q

Type2 alcoholism is more common in ______

A

Men

69
Q

Does an alcohol gene exist?

A

No some people are just exposed to alcoholism at an early age

70
Q

What liver diseases can alcohol cause?

A

Fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis

71
Q

What is fatty liver?

A

When fat deposits in the liver (most liver-alcohol deaths are from this)

72
Q

What is alcoholic hepatitis?

A

When the liver becomes inflammed

73
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

When the liver has scarring and deterioration of cells (7th most common cause of death in US)

74
Q

Is cancer associated with alcohol?

A

Yes, anywhere from mouth to rectum, it can even cause breast cancer for women

75
Q

What is dementia?

A

A general term for cognitive impairment due to changes in the brain

76
Q

What is alcoholic dementia?

A

Structural changes in the brain (shrinkage in some parts), lower IQ, decline in verbal

77
Q

What is Wernicke’s disease?

A

It is a disease that causes confusion, memory issues, disorientation,etc and was thought to be specifically associated with alcohol

78
Q

What deficiency does Wernicke’s disease cause?

A

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

79
Q

What is Wernicke Korsakoff?

A

A disease that results in retrograde and antergrade amnesia

80
Q

What part of the brain is affected by Wenicke Korsakoff?

A

Thalamus

81
Q

What does Wernickes Korsakoff do to our brain?

A

It can increase the size of ventricles, meaning smaller brain, and the sulci (grooves) of the brain are wider

82
Q

What is antabuse?

A

Used to be a common prescription for alcoholism suppression but people just tend to not take it because it causes bad symptoms

83
Q

What is Revia and Revex?

A

Drugs that reduce craving and are opiate receptor antagonists (less reward)

84
Q

How does Zofran help with alcohol treatment?

A

It blocks serotonin receptors and decreases cravings

85
Q

Alcohol withdrawal comes in which 2 parts?

A

First cluster: comes within the first few hours to a day after someone quits
Second Cluster: After first cluster, includes severe symptoms

86
Q

How long for alcohol withdrwala symptoms to reside?

A

5-7 days

87
Q

What is fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

A disease affecting babies due to alcohol use during pregnancy

88
Q

What is the diagnosis of FAS based upon?

A

Pre and post natal growth deficiencies and facial dysmorphology

89
Q

What is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder?

A

Those that have some symptoms of FAS but not all fall in a spectrum

90
Q

What is meant by analgesics?

A

It is a term used to describe a drug that combats pain

91
Q

What is opium?

A

A chemical that came from a poppy and is only available for a few days of the plants cycle (opium is in the seed pods)

92
Q

What two main substances are in opium?

A

Morphine and Codeine

93
Q

What is more potent? morphine or opium?

A

When isolated, morphine is more potent

94
Q

Who developed the hyperdermic syringe for medical purposes?

A

Dr. Alex Wood

95
Q

What schedule is morphine?

A

Schedule 2

96
Q

What schedule is opium?

A

Schedule 2

97
Q

How was heroin made? From what?

A

Heroin comes from morphine and it is basically morphine attached to 2 acetyl groups

98
Q

Another name for heroin is?

A

Di-acetyl-morphine

99
Q

Who first marketed heroin?

A

Bayer

100
Q

Which is more potent? Heroin or morphine?

A

Heroin is 3x more potent than morphine

101
Q

Heroin was used in what war?

A

Vietnam

102
Q

Heroin is scheduled?

A

Schedule 1

103
Q

Black tar heroin was used in the ______ and white china was in the _______

A

Black tar heroin was used in the west coast and white china was in the east coast

104
Q

What is the name of the natural opiate like chemicals in our brain?

A

Enkephanlins and endorphins

105
Q

Where in the brain are most of the opiate receptors?

A

Periaqueductal gray

106
Q

How is pain reduced?

A

When opiate receptors bind to either drugs or endorphins, the signals will travel down our spine and activate the neurons to suppress the incoming pain signal

107
Q

Fentanyl is what type of opioid?

A

Synthetic

108
Q

Fentanyl is more potent than?

A

100x more than morphine so more than heroin and opium

109
Q

What is actiq?

A

Lollipop form of fentanyl

110
Q

How do opiates help with intestinal disorders?

A

If dysentry (diarrhea) is occuring, it can slow the movement of food and allow the feces to come out slower. If you take them and dont have this issue, you can get constipated

111
Q

What are antitussives? What group of drug falls in here?

A

Opiates are antitussives (cough suppressant)

112
Q

What part of the brain control cough center?

A

Medulla (suppressed by opiates)

113
Q

Which opiate is usally in cough syrups?

A

Codeine

114
Q

What is the alternative to codeine?

A

Dextromethorphan (DMT)

115
Q

How is morphine absorbed?

A

Oral, IV, Rectal, or as an epidural

116
Q

Does morphine cross the Blood brain barrier well?

A

No, only 20% reaches the blood stream

117
Q

What is morphine’s metabolite?

A

Morphine-6 glucoronide (stronger than morphine)

118
Q

What can cause a false positive for morphine?

A

Eating a lot of poppy seeds

119
Q

What schedule is codeine?

A

Schedule 3

120
Q

How is codeine absorbed?

A

Intramuscular, Subcutaneously

121
Q

Why cant codein be injected IV?

A

It can cause pulmonary edema

122
Q

Which is stronger codeine or morphine?

A

Morphine

123
Q

What are the 3 types of heroin?

A

Brown, white and black tar

124
Q

Why is heroin more potent than morphine?

A

Because the acetyl group increase the lipid solubility and gets more easily into blood brain barrier

125
Q

How is heroin absorbed?

A

Smoked, IV, snorted

126
Q

What is an air embolism?

A

It is a risk from injecting heroin and an air bubble is injected as well. This can cause surface tension and lead to a clot

127
Q

How is dependence of opiates?

A

Dependence is very strong both physical and psychological. it occurs rapidly because there is alot of positive reinforcement, but it does not occur after only one use.

128
Q

How is tolerance of opiates?

A

Tolerance develops depending on the dose and frequency but even people who use it medically can have tolerance

129
Q

What are the 2 main reasons heroin users OD?

A
  1. Buying from a new dealer

2. Using heroin in a new environment

130
Q

What is the narcotic triad?

A

This is the 3 general symptoms of someone who is OD from opiates

  1. coma
  2. depressed respiration
  3. Pinpoint pupils
131
Q

Which drug can reduce the risk of death during OD?

A

Narcan (nalaxone)

132
Q

What is krokdil?

A

AKA desomorphine and it is a drug that can cause lots of skin problems including Gangrene and necrosis

133
Q

Krokodil is made with which substances?

A

Codeine, HCl, gas, paint thinner, etc

134
Q

At high rates, what can krokodil cause?

A

Rotting gums, bone infection, facial and jaw decay,

135
Q

What is kratom?

A

A drug that comes from a tree in SE Asia and can be smoked, power, gum, tea,etc

136
Q

What schedule is kratom?

A

The DEA made it schedule 1 but reversed it. In some parts it is illegal in others it isn’t

137
Q

What are the 2 main ways to administer General Anesthesia?

A

Inhalation and injection

138
Q

What is ketamine?

A

A drug mainly used in animals but in hgih doses can be used as a date-rape drug

139
Q

Ketamine blocks which receptor?

A

Glutamate

140
Q

Rohypnol is part of which class of drugs?

A

Benzodiaepines

141
Q

What schedule is Rohypnol?

A

Schedule 4, not FDA approved

142
Q

What is GHB?Where is it?

A

Gamma-hydroxybutric acid is a potent CNS depressant that is similar to GABA. We all have it in our brain

143
Q

What is GHB used for?

A

Date-rape drug, (has a salty taste) or for body builders to increase mass

144
Q

What schedule is GHB?

A

Schedule 1

145
Q

Which FDA treament is currently used and is similar to GHB?

A

Xyrem, it is a schedule 3 drug and is used for narcolepsy patients

146
Q

What can we say about GHB’s lethal and effective dose?

A

There is a very small distinction between the 2 so it is very dangerous

147
Q

What are nitrites?

A

Chemicals that dilate blood vessels and relax muscles

148
Q

What are nitrites used for?

A

Often abused and used as sexual enhancers

149
Q

What are the effects of nitrites?

A

They increase sexual behavior, deplete immune cells and can increase risk of tumors

150
Q

What is nitrous oxide also known as?

A

Laughing gas

151
Q

Who is given credit for laughing gas (nitrous oxide)?

A

Sr. Humphrey Davis, Thomas Beddoes, and James Watt

152
Q

What is whippets?

A

A way of abusing an inhaling nitrous oxide. It causes a short high but if we take too much, it can cause oxygen depletion

153
Q

Teens mainly rely on ________ to get a high because it is accessible

A

Inhalants

154
Q

What effect does nitrous oxide have on neurotransmitters?

A

Decreases neurotransmitters

155
Q

What are the medical consequences from inhalants?

A

-heart issues, sudden sniffing death, sphyxiation, suffocation, neurotoxicity, damage to myelin

156
Q

What is sudden sniffing death syndrome?

A

Right after inhaling a product, the person will die

157
Q

What is neurotoxicty?

A

Shrinkage of the brain related to cognitive issues, physical issues, etc

SDSU Psychology 365 (4 decks)

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