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SDSU Psychology 365 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

It is a branch that is based on the movement of drugs within the body

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2
Q

What is the 4 steps of pharmacology?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Distribution
  3. Metabolism
  4. Elimination
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3
Q

What is absorption?

A

The route that the drug takes to enter the body

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4
Q

What is distribution?

A

It is the process of how the drug moves throughout the body

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5
Q

What is metabolism?

A

The breakdown of drugs

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6
Q

What is elimination?

A

The process that describes the elimination of drugs

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7
Q

What are the different routes of drug absorption?

A
  • oral
  • rectal
  • inhalation
  • snorting
  • transdermal
  • Injection
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8
Q

Which organ is mainly responsible for oral absorption?

A

Small intestine (some in stomach)

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9
Q

About ____ % of the drug is absorbed through the oral route.

A

75%

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10
Q

What are the 3 types of injection?

A
  1. Intravenous
  2. Intramuscular
  3. Subcutaneous
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11
Q

What is the main issue with intravenous?

A

There are no recalls. Since 100%of drug is absorbed, overdosing is a greater risk.

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12
Q

Which organ is responsible for the movement of blood?

A

The heart

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13
Q

How long does it take your body to circulate blood to and from the heart?

A

1-1.5 minutes

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14
Q

What is the main goal of the distribution process?

A

To eventually carry the drug into the brain

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15
Q

Our heart has __ sides and __ chambers

A

Our heart has 2 sides and 4 chambers

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16
Q

What carries blood AWAY from the heart?

A

Arteries

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17
Q

What carries blood TO the heart?

A

Veins

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18
Q

Which blood vessels are high in O2 but low in CO2?

A

Arteries

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19
Q

Which blood vessels are low in O2 but high in CO2?

A

Veins

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20
Q

How does our blood and heart function when we deal with deoxygenated blood?

A

The blood that is low in O2 enters the right side of our heart. It first passes through right atrium and then the right ventricle.

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21
Q

Which artery is responsible for taking deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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22
Q

What happens to deoxygenated blood at the lungs?

A

Sine lungs expel CO2, O2 is absorbed and oxygenated blood goes back to our heart.

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23
Q

How does our blood and heart function when we deal with oxygenated blood?

A

Blood that already went through the initial process and become oxygenated will pass through the left side of our heart. Here, it passes through the left atrium then the left ventricle and finally the blood is distributed to our body.

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24
Q

How does distribution work for the oral method?

A

When drugs are taken orally, it first has to lay in the small intestine and be absorbed into the bloodstream. After it is in the blood stream it will travel all the way to the heart and eventually, reach the brain

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25
Q

How does distribution work for the inhalation method?

A

Since the drug is directly inhaled into the lungs, it will only have to pass through the left side of the heart and straight to the brain. This is why it is the fastest.

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26
Q

How does distribution work for the intravenous method?

A

The drug is inserted into the veins, it will go directly through the circulatory system and reach the brain

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27
Q

How does distribution work for the intramuscular method?

A

The drug is inserted into muscles and will have to make its way to the bloodstream and finally the circulatory system.

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28
Q

How does blood get to your brain?

A

Through our carotid arteries. They originate at heart and make their way to the base of the brain

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29
Q

Which veins take drugs out of brain?

A

The Jugular veins

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30
Q

Except for ______________, every other route of absorption has proven that not 100% of drug enters body

A

intravenous

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31
Q

Which organ is responsible for the breakdown of a drug? What is the name of the process

A

The Liver, Hepatic breakdown

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32
Q

Hepatic breakdown is done by liver cells called?

A

Hepatocytes

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33
Q

What is the role of hepatocytes?

A

They transform the drug into a new chemical.

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34
Q

What is a metabolite?

A

The new chemical that was produced from hepatocytes

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35
Q

What is an active metabolite? What about inactive?

A

An active metabolite(s) can produce a high effect. A inactive metabolite(s) will produce no effects.

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36
Q

What do hepatocytes use to break down drugs?

A

Enzymes

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37
Q

What is the role of an enzyme?

A

They either break thing apart or put things together

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38
Q

What is the name of the enzymes used by hepatocytes?

A

P450 (break about 50% of drug)

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39
Q

How does genetic disorders relate to P450?

A

Some people that have genetic disorders will lack some or all of the P450 enzymes. They have a greater chance of overdosing because their bodies are not breaking drugs apart quickly.

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40
Q

What is half life?

A

Half life is a period of time that it takes your body to break the amount of drug you took in half.

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41
Q

When drugs are released from body they primarily come out through our _______.

A

urine

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42
Q

Which organ plays a role in urine analysis?

A

Kidneys

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43
Q

t/f Some drugs can be released through exhalation

A

true

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44
Q

What are the 2 main urine analysis tests?

A

SAMHSA-5 and NIDA-5

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45
Q

What are the 5 drugs that a test will usually pick up?

A

Cannabinoids, opiates, amphetamines, PCP and marijuana

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46
Q

What is the difference between urine test and hair follicle tests?

A

Urine Analysis is good for both recent and chronic use. Drugs can be detected within hours of use and continue being detected for days/weeks.

Hair follicle is only for chronic use. It takes 4-5 days to detect drugs and can continue detection for up to 90 days after use

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47
Q

What is part of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

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48
Q

What body parts are apart of the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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49
Q

What body parts are apart of the PNS?

A
  • nerves going from spinal cord to our body

- nerves from our body to the spinal cord

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50
Q

What are the systems within the PNS?

A

Somatic and autonomic nervous system

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51
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous system responsible for?

A

Controls things that occur automatically in your body

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52
Q

What are the parts of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

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53
Q

What is the sympathetic system used for?

A

It stimulates fight or flight responses. (sometimes affected by drugs)

ex: cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine

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54
Q

What is the parasympathetic system used for?

A

Responsible for resting and digesting. It produces calm effects.
(slow respiration, heart rate)

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55
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain?

A
  1. Occipital
  2. Parietal
  3. Frontal
  4. Temporal
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56
Q

What is the purpose of the occipital lobe?

A

Responsible for vision

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57
Q

What is the purpose of the parietal lobe?

A

Responsible for spacial orientation (knowing where things are)

58
Q

What is the purpose of the temporal lobe?

A
  • auditory information

- sensory information

59
Q

What are the sections part of the frontal lobe? What are they responsible for?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex: impulse control

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: executive function (planning, decision, problem solving)

60
Q

What organs are associated with the Limbic System?

A

Amygdala and Hippocampus

61
Q

What is the purpose of the amygdala?

A

Controls fear, aggression and emotions in general

62
Q

What is the purpose of the Hippocampus?

A

It stores special events and memories from your life

63
Q

What is the Basal Ganglia?

A

It controls voluntary, fine and gross movement

64
Q

What is the role of the hypothalumus?

A

Its role is in basic regulatory functions (eating, drinking, sexual behavior)

65
Q

What is the role of the thalamus?

A

Keeps all your motor signals organized and makes sure signals reach your brain.

66
Q

What is the pituitary gland’s role?

A

It releases hormones throughout the body by sending signals to organs. This allows our brain to communicate to our vital organs.

67
Q

What is reticular formation?

A

It helps wake up the cortex. It sends norepinephrine to cortex to stimulate it.

68
Q

What is Substantia Nigra?

A

pigmented cells to produce dopamine.

69
Q

What is the role of the periaqueductal gray?

A

It helps us manage pain

70
Q

What two areas of the brain does reticular formation take over?

A

Mid and hind brain

71
Q

What are the 2 areas in reticular formation?

A

Locus Coeruleus and Raphe Nucleus

72
Q

What is the role of the pons and medulla working together?

A

To help breathing

73
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Balance and coordination

74
Q

The spaces in our brain are called _________ and they are filled with _______.

A

ventricles, spinal fluid

75
Q

What is the meninges?

A

The 3 protective layers between brain and skull

76
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

It is a barrier in capillaries that avoid the bad stuff from our blood, to get into our brain.

77
Q

What is the purpose of the blood brain barrier?

A

To protect the brain and keep neurons alive.

78
Q

What is a neuron?

A

They are a cell in the brain used to think, move, hear and see

79
Q

What are the 4 components of a neuron?

A
  1. Dendrites
  2. Cell body
  3. Axon
  4. Terminal buttons
80
Q

What is the purpose of the dendrite?

A

Receive information

81
Q

What is the purpose of the cell body?

A

It helps build the things a neuron needs

82
Q

What is the purpose of the axon?

A

It carries electrical signals

83
Q

What is the axon surrounded by? What is it for?

A

An axon is surrounded by Myelin which is a fatty insolation that helps speed up electrical signals

84
Q

What is the purpose of the terminal buttons?

A

It is to send information to another neuron’s dendrites

85
Q

What is the action potential?

A

The name of the electrical signals that travels through axon

86
Q

Where do most drugs interact at?

A

At the terminal button to dendrite connection

87
Q

What is synapse AKA synaptic cleft?

A

The gap between two neurons (terminal button to dendrite)

88
Q

How does the electrical signal travel through the synapse?

A

Our brain turns the electrical signals into chemical ones. Neurotransmitters are packaged inside of vesicles and when the action potential arrives, it causes the vesicles to release the neurotransmitters into the synapse to react with receptors

89
Q

What enters the dendrite at synapse?

A

Ions

90
Q

What excites a dendrite? what doesnt?

A

If positive ions come in, the dendrite is excited. If negative ions come in, the dendrite is less active.

91
Q

What are the two processes for neurotransmitter deactivation?

A

Degrading enzymes and reuptake

92
Q

What is the process of degrading enzymes?

A

Certain enzymes will breakdown neurotransmitters into new chemicals

93
Q

What is the process of reuptake?

A

It will take neurotransmitters and recycle them by returning them to synapse.

94
Q

What is the relationship between receptors and neurotransmitters?

A

Receptors are like the lock and neurotransmitters are the key. Certain neurotransmitters open certain receptors to allow ions to pass through.

95
Q

What is a competitive drug binding site?

A

This occurs when a drug competes with a neurotransmitter for the same spot on a receptor

96
Q

What is a non-competitive drug binding site?

A

This occurs when a drug has its own binding site on the receptor. No need for competition

97
Q

How many places is Acetylcholine made? where is it released?

A

Made in 3 places, released everywhere

98
Q

What enzyme synthesizes acetylcholine?

A

ChAT

99
Q

What enzyme degrades acetylcholine?

A

AChE

100
Q

Is acetylcholine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

both

101
Q

How many place is Glutamate made?

A

Made all over the brain

102
Q

Is glutamate excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Excitatory

103
Q

How many places is GABA made?

A

made all over the brain

104
Q

Is GABA excitatory or inhibitory?

A

inhibitory

105
Q

How many places is dopamine made?

A

2 places

106
Q

t/f glutamate can turn into GABA

A

true

107
Q

What enzyme is dopamine made from?

A

tyrosine

108
Q

How many places is Norepinephrine made?where is it released?

A

One place, released everywhere

109
Q

Is dopamine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

Both

110
Q

What degrades dopamine?

A

MAO and COMT

111
Q

What degrades norepinephrine?

A

MAO and COMT

112
Q

Is norepinephrine excitatory or inhibitory?

A

both

113
Q

How many places is Serotonin made in? released?

A

One, released all over

114
Q

Is serotonin excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

115
Q

What breaks down Serotonin?

A

MAO and COMT

116
Q

What makes a drug agonist?

A

Promoting synthesis
more neurotransmitters released
Block degrading/reuptake
Stimulate receptors activity

117
Q

What makes a drug antagonist?

A

inhibits synthesis
blocks neurotransmitter release
stimulates degrading/reuptake
block receptor activity

118
Q

What are the two types of drugs?

A

licit and illicit

119
Q

What makes a drug illicit?

A

If a drug is absolutely banned or need a prescription to possess

120
Q

What is a controlled substance?

A

Any illicit drug

121
Q

What is schedule 1 drugs?

A

High potential for abuse, no accepted medical use

122
Q

What is schedule 2 drugs?

A

High potential for abuse, some accepted medical use

123
Q

What is schedule 3 drugs?

A

Some potential for abuse, some accepted medical use

124
Q

What is schedule 4 drugs?

A

Low potential for abuse, accepted medical use

125
Q

What is schedule 5 drugs?

A

minimal potential for abuse, widespread medical use

126
Q

What is the difference between generic and brand drug names?

A

Generic: drugs official name (complex)
Brand: name assigned by a manufacturer

127
Q

What are the 2 types of drug use?

A

Instrumental and Recreational

128
Q

What is the difference between instrumental and recreational use?

A

Instrumental: A person is taking drugs with a specific socially approved goal in mind
Recreational: A person is taking a drug for the sole purpose of experiencing the high feeling

129
Q

What is drug abuse?

A

Drug abuse occurs when there is physical, mental or social impairment

130
Q

What is drug misuse?

A

Drug misuse is a behavior in which a prescription or non-prescription drug is used inappropriately

131
Q

What is the difference between physical dependence and psychological dependence?

A

Physical dependence occurs when a drug is taken to avoid withdrawal symptoms
psychological dependence occurs when a drug is taken for pleasurable effects (after withdrawal period)

132
Q

What are the 3 mechanisms for drug tolerance?

A

Metabolic, Pharmacodynamic, and behavioral

133
Q

What is the metabolic mechanism for drug tolerance?

A

This occurs when the liver breaks down drugs faster as tolerance builds up

134
Q

What is the pharmacodynamic mechanism for drug tolerance?

A

this occurs when our receptors become used to the drugs (so they become numb to it (less sensitive)

135
Q

What is the behavioral mechanism for drug?

A

This occurs when we become conditioned to a context (location, situation, people)

136
Q

What is acute toxicity?

A

the physical or psychological harm a drug might cause (either immediately after or soon after)

137
Q

What is chronic toxicity?

A

The physical or psychological harm a drug may cause over a long period of time

138
Q

What is effective dose?

A

The minimal dose necessary to produce the intended drug effect in a certain % of the population being studied

139
Q

What is the lethal dose?

A

The minimal dose necessary to produce death in a certain % of the population being studied

140
Q

What is additive interaction?

A

When 2 effects of drugs add equally together and have a stronger effect
ex: 5 + 5 = 10

141
Q

What is hyperadditive interaction?

A

When the combined effect of drugs add unequally together and have a REALLY STRONG effect.
ex: 5+5 = 30

142
Q

What is antagonistic interaction?

A

When the combined effects of drugs cancel each other out.

SDSU Psychology 365 (4 decks)

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