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SDSU Psychology 365 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What class of drugs is cocaine known as?

A

Psychostimulant

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2
Q

Where does cocaine come from?

A

from the erythroxylan coca plant (their leaves contain cocaine)

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3
Q

Is cocaine synthesized or naturally occurring?

A

It is a naturally occurring drug

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4
Q

Who previously used cocaine?

A

The Native Americans used to chew the leaves from the coca plant in order to stay awake during battle.

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5
Q

What was cocaine mainly known for in the 1860’s?

A

during this time, it was used for medical purposes because they found it to be a local anesthetic

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6
Q

What did Sigmund Freud initially think of cocaine? What changed?

A

Freud used it as a treatment for heroin addiction, depression, and chronic fatigue syndrome

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7
Q

What is the Harrison Narcotic Act?

A

In 1914, this act was passed and it banned the use of cocaine in products

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8
Q

What is cocaine scheduled to be?

A

Schedule 2

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9
Q

Are the coca leaves highly concentrated with cocaine?

A

No, only about 15 of the leaf is cocaine

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10
Q

How is cocaine turned into a paste?

A

the coca leaves ca be soaked in water and mashed up to create a paste

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11
Q

How is cocaine paste turned into cocaine powder?

A

It is treated with Hydrochloric acid and it creates a salt like powder

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12
Q

What is pure cocaine HCl?

A

It is the cocaine powder that is not mixed with anything

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13
Q

What is the “normal” cocaine? The one that people typically snort

A

It is usually the cocaine that is cut with other substances such as talcum, baking soda, vitamins and even levamisole

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14
Q

What is levamisole?

A

It is a deworming agent given to dogs and cats that can be cut with cocaine HCl

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15
Q

What illness can levamisole cause?

A

Agranulocytosis which is a decrease in white blood cells (affects immune system)

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16
Q

What are the risks associated with injecting cocaine into the bloodstream?

A

It can lead to blood clots which lead to heart attack or stroke

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17
Q

What is free base cocaine?

A

It is Hydorchloric cocaine free from the ionic salt. Instead, ammonia or ether is used and it is extremely potent and dangerous

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18
Q

What is crack cocaine?

A

When HCl is mixed with baking soda so that it can bind to each other instead of cocaine.

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19
Q

What is a speed ball?

A

cocaine and heroin

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20
Q

What is a frisco speed ball?

A

The mixing of cocaine, heroin, and LSD

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21
Q

How is cocaine absorbed

A
  • Snorted
  • Injected
  • Oral (uncommon)
  • Smoked (crack only)
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22
Q

Is snorting cocaine an efficient way or absorbing the drug?

A

No because only about 20-30% of it is absorbed.

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23
Q

How is cocaine injected?

A

It is injected by mixing with water

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24
Q

What is meant by cocaine being a vasoconstrictor?

A

It means that it shrinks our blood vessels

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25
Q

What is the half life of cocaine?

A

30-90minutes once in the liver (rapidly metabolized and excreted)

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26
Q

How long for cocaine to get out of the brain?

A

8 hours

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27
Q

What is cocaine’s first metabolite?

A

Benzoylecgonine and it is inactive

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28
Q

what is the metabolite that forms when alcohol and cocaine is processed at the same time?

A

Cocaethylene, it is active and more toxic

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29
Q

What are cocaines mechanisms of action?

A
  • vasoconstrictor
  • local anesthetic
  • psychostimulant (reinforcing effect that can lead to abuse)
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30
Q

What receptors does cocaine affect?

A

It will block the reuptake of dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin. Since not much will be released, there will be an increase. Cocaine is an agonist to them

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31
Q

What are some of the dangers associated with cocaine use?

A
  • less oxygen levels in the body
  • cardiac complications
  • complications in nasal and pulmonary systems
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32
Q

What is the difference between crack cocaine and free base cocaine

A

Freebase: made with ammonia or ether (highly flammable)

Crack cocaine: cocaine hydrochloride with baking soda

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33
Q

What is toxic paranoid psychosis syndrome?

A

A syndrome that occurs with cocaine users and the symptoms include anxiety, sleep issues, paranoia, hyperactivity, hallucinations (formication)

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34
Q

How is cocaine tolerance described?

A

there is a significant tolerance to cocaine, it can cause a 20% reduction in dopamine receptors which means more drug will also be needed to feel effects

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35
Q

How is cocaine dependence described?

A

There is both physical and psychological dependence which are both serious

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36
Q

What are some of cocaine’s withdrawal symptoms?

A
  • increase in depression
  • loss of coordination
  • tremorsand seizures
  • dysphoria
  • cravings
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37
Q

Which is the ONLY way in which cocaine can be smoked?

A

Crack cocaine

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38
Q

What are some cocaine treatment options?

A

inpatient treatment: staying in a hospital
Outpatient treatment: visiting hospital during the day,
Short inpatient program followed by outpatient treatment.
Other resources provided

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39
Q

What is the first step in obtaining treatment for cocaine?

A

Detoxification and total abstinence

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40
Q

What are some medications that can treat cocaine withdrawal symptoms?

A

Ritalin
Zofran (reduce cravings)
cocaine vaccine

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41
Q

When working with cocaine addicts, what is one factor we must take care of during withdrawal?

A

Depression, if the patient used cocaine to treat depression, when we take them off cocaine, we have to ensure they are also being treated for depression (that may reemerge)

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42
Q

What is a teratogen? How does this relate to cocaine?

A

Cocaine is a teratogen meaning it is known to cause malformations of the embryo.

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43
Q

What effects does cocaine have during pregnancy?

A
  • teratogen
  • Since it is a vasoconstrictor, it will decrease blood flow between mother and fetus
  • Can be found in breast milk
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44
Q

What effects does cocaine have in crack babies?

A

Can grow up to have learning disabilities, social problems, and ADHD

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45
Q

What are bath salts classified as?

A

synthetic cathinones: a synthetic version of cocaine

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46
Q

Why are synthetic drugs made?

A

They are made to have the actions of an illegal drug but not be chemically identical to it so that it technically wouldn’t be considered illegal.

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47
Q

What type of chemicals are in bathdalts?

A

They are amphetamine like synthetics (ex: MPDV, mephedrone, methylone,etc)

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48
Q

What is cocaines crash described as?

A

As intake of cocaine increases, the “crash” gets increasingly worse as well and makes users feel even worse than when they first started using

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49
Q

What is the absorption of bath salts?

A

It can be absorbed orally or in the mucous membranes, the high is very potent for both

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50
Q

Can bath salt chemicals be detected on regular UA?

A

No, there are special tests that can detect those chemicals 48-72 hours later

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51
Q

Are bath salts stimulants?

A

Yes, they can produce significant psychological and physical stimulation

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52
Q

What is the synthetic drug abuse prevention act?

A

It was an act singed in 2012 by Obama to regulate synthetic drugs as schedule 1 (include bath salts)

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53
Q

Are amphetamines synthetic or natural?

A

Synthetic but they come from the ma huang herb

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54
Q

What is the active chemical in ma huang?

A

Ephedrine

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55
Q

What did Gordon Alles do?

A

He was a scientist that developed a synthetic version of ephedrine and named it amphetamine

56
Q

What has amphetamine previously been used for?

A

Medical purposes since the 1930s

57
Q

What was one of the first amphetamine medication?

A

Benzedrine

58
Q

What is the US drug regulation and control act?

A

It was a law that was passed and made amphetamines schedule 2 drugs

59
Q

What are the 3 other forms of amphetamine?

A

Dextroamphetamine
Levamphetamine
Methamphetamine hydrochloride (salt version of methamphetamine)

60
Q

What is the absorption of amptheamines?

A
  • oral (pills_
  • intravenously
  • Some are smoked (crystal meth)
61
Q

How is the metabolism of amphetamines described?

A

Most are unaffected by metabolism so a lot of it is not broken down.

62
Q

How is the excretion of amphetamines described?

A

Since they are not broken down well, a lot of it is excreted as methamphetamine and some is pure amphetamine.
Only a very small portion is broken down as mildly active metabolite

63
Q

What receptors does amphetamine affect?

A

Dopamine and norepinephrine (it stimulates their release)

64
Q

Which nervous system does amphetamine stimulate?

A

the autonomic nervous system (specifically, the sympathetic)

65
Q

What is amphetamine psychosis?

A

A syndrome that can develop in users that are high users of amphetamine
(paranoia, delusions, violence, hallucinations, weight loss, mood swings)

66
Q

What are some of amphetamines withdrawal symptoms?

A
  • increased appetite
  • depression
  • suicidal
  • weight gain
  • more sleepy
67
Q

How is tolerance and dependence to amphetamine described?

A

It develops quickly and is strong. They correlate with each other

68
Q

How is crystal meth absorbed?

A

It tends to get smoked

69
Q

What is crystal meth’s half life?

A

12 hours

70
Q

How is crystal meths metabolism?

A

It is slow and not a lot is broken down

71
Q

What is the neurotransmitter effect for methamphetamines?

A

50% decrease in dopamine and serotonin

72
Q

Which type of labs are crystal meth produced in?

A

Clandestine meth labs

73
Q

For every lb of meth produced, there is ___ lbs of toxic waste

A

5-7 lbs

74
Q

What are some of the common products used in meth production? What do these products create?

A
  • red phosphorus (used in matches)
  • ephedrine (chemicals from ma huang)
    -blue iodine (chemical)
    The combination creates phosphine gas which is highly explosive and toxic and can explode
75
Q

What is ADHD?

A

It is an attention deficit hyperactivity disorder that affects youth

76
Q

What is ADHD diagnosed by?

A

inattentive symptoms, hyperactivity symptoms, impulsive symptoms

77
Q

What drugs can be used for ADHD?

A

Ritalin
Concerta
Focalin
Aderall

78
Q

What is the half life of ritalin?

A

2-4 hours

79
Q

Is ritalin amphetamine based?

A

No, it blocks the reuptake of DA and NE

80
Q

Why is ritalin effective?

A

Because it has a similar mechanism of action as cocaine

81
Q

What is aderall a combination of?

A

Amphetamine and dextroamphetamine

82
Q

What is aderall’s half life?

A

7-8 hours (unlike ritalin, it does not need to be taken twice)

83
Q

Why is it bad to use ADHD medications as a study aid?

A

Study has found it to be sort of a myth because too much stimulation can block our cognitive performance

84
Q

Is caffeine addictive?

A

Yes, it is generally safe but highly addictive

85
Q

What class of drugs is caffeine?

A

psychostimulant

86
Q

Where does caffeine come from

A

coffee plant and beans

87
Q

What is the theory in regards to caffeine being in plants (naturally occuring)?

A

That it should act as a natural insecticide

88
Q

What did the six day Starbucks research suggest?

A

That caffeine portions can vary

89
Q

Caffeine belongs to which family of chemicals?

A

Xanthines

90
Q

How is caffeine’s absorption described?

A

Rapid and full

91
Q

What is caffeine’s half life?

A

4-6 hours

92
Q

What enzyme degrades caffeine?

A

CYP1A2

93
Q

What are the 2 metabolites from caffeine?

A

Theophylline and theobromine (weak but active)

94
Q

What receptors does caffeine affect?

A

adenosine (A2A and A1)

95
Q

What are adenosine receptors responsible for?

A

Making someone sleepy (when blocked, they will make one feel awake)

96
Q

What is an important physical effect that caffeine does to our arteries?

A

It tends to dilate coronary arteries (these carry blood to the heart)
Dilating them makes them larger and allows more blood flow

97
Q

What does caffeine do to our brain blood vessels?

A

The brain blood vessels carry blood into the brain and caffeine makes them smaller

98
Q

What is the theory behind caffeine and headaches?

A

Headaches enlarge blood vessels and cause pressure (causing the pain) so by constrict blood vessels (after drinking caffeine) it helps

99
Q

How is dependence to caffeine described?

A

There is both physical and psychological dependence (both are strong)

100
Q

What is caffeinism?

A

When people take very high volumes of caffeine (100 mg per day)

101
Q

What is the only legal FDA approved stimulant?

A

Caffeine

102
Q

What are the 2 main products found in redbull?

A

Taurine and glucuronolactone

103
Q

What is taurine?

A

A major part of the bile

104
Q

What is glucuronolactone?

A

A carbohydrate

105
Q

Why did Redbull settle a class action suit?

A

Because its advertising promoted false claims about energy and performance

106
Q

Why are vodka redbulls dangerous?

A

Because it is a combination of caffeine, alcohol, and sugar. this can dehydrate the body and promote the release of fluids

107
Q

What is the common ingredient in rockstars?

A

B vitamins

108
Q

Why was four loko banned from caffeine and alcohol?

A

Because the combination was too high

109
Q

Where does nicotine come from?

A

Tobacco plants

110
Q

What are the 2 main types of smoke that is released from cigarettes?

A

Mainstream and side stream

111
Q

What is mainstream smoke?

A

The smoke that travels through the cigarette

112
Q

What is side stream smoke?

A

The smoke that comes out of a cigarette and released into the environment

113
Q

What are the 2 phases in maistream smoke?

A

gaseous and particulant

114
Q

What is the cilia elevator? How does tar affect it?

A

A part of our airway that is affected by tar because the tar can coat the lungs and trachea whi h can cause cancer and other issues

115
Q

Can tar be taken out of cigarettes?

A

No because it is attached to nicotine

116
Q

What is an important gas from the gaseous phase?

A

Carbon monoxide

117
Q

How is carbon monoxide toxic?

A

It binds to the hemoglobin and our hemoglobin is responsible for taking o2 from lungs to the body. Our blood will instead carry carbon monoxide

118
Q

Carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin with a ___x stronger affinity

A

200X

119
Q

Why do people get dizzy when smoking?

A

Because they are deprived from oxygen

120
Q

How is nicotine’s metabolism described?

A

A good amount of nicotine is metabolized in the liver

121
Q

What is nicotine’s half life?

A

1-2 hours

122
Q

What enzyme metabolizes nicotine?

A

CYP2A6

123
Q

What is nicotine’s metabolite?

A

Cotinine (weak and active)

124
Q

What receptor does nicotine bind to?

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptor

125
Q

What happens when nicotine binds to its receptor

A

It allows sodium to pass through the channels and since it is a positive ion, itll stimulate

126
Q

Why do people claim nicotine is a sedative?

A

Because it calms people down but this is false it simply relieves people from their withdrawal symptoms

127
Q

What autonomic nervous system is activated by nicotine?

A

Both sympathetic and parasympathetic

128
Q

Why does nicotine relate to stomach problems?

A

Because it promotes the release of HCl in the stomach making it more acidic

129
Q

What hormone is released from smoking?

A

antidiurectic hormone

130
Q

What is the antidiurectic hormone responsible for at high levels?

A

At high levels, it can cause fluid retention which is why smokers have puffy hands and feet

131
Q

What is the area postrema?

A

A part of the brain that regulates nausea and vomiting and it is not protected by the blood brain barrier

132
Q

How does nicotine affect the area postrema?

A

Our body can detect it as a toxin and it can activate the area postrema and induce nauseal vomiting. Over time, there can be tolerance and the effects to this area can shut down

133
Q

Why is quitting smoking very hard?

A

Because there is a lot of habit involved

134
Q

What is artherosclerosis?

A

This is an illness that occurs when there is a build up of fat and plaques on the blood vessel walls.

135
Q

What is thrombosis?

A

When a clot develops around artherosclerosis. If thrombosis occurs in the heart, it is a heart attack. If it occurs in the brain, it is a stroke

136
Q

What is arteriosclerosis?

A

Hardening of the arteries

137
Q

What are the 2 main prescription drugs that can help quoit smoking?

A

Zyban and Channix

SDSU Psychology 365 (4 decks)

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