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Exam 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Smooth muscle cells have more extensive sarcoplasmic reticulum compared to skeletal muscle cells. (true/false)

A

False

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2
Q

What type of interneurons in the spinal cord are between nociceptors from the foot and alpha motor neurons of quadriceps femoris muscles of the contralateral leg?

A

Glutamatergic Neuron

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3
Q

Which type of smooth muscle tissue has more fine regulation?

A

Multiunit smooth muscle

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4
Q

Which muscles are activated when a stretch receptor is activated?

A

The muscle with the stretch receptor and any of its synergistic muscles.

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5
Q

Smooth muscle contains troponin. (true/false)

A

False

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6
Q

Smooth muscle contains tropomyosin. (true/false)

A

True

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7
Q

What kind of fluid is inside of T-tubules?

A

Extracellular fluid

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8
Q

What kind of contraction happens when load is greater than tension in a skeletal muscle?

A

Eccentric contraction

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9
Q

What can be found in a band of sarcomere?

A

Actin and Myosin

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10
Q

During most of your waking hours, some of your muscle fibers are in tetanus. (true/false)

A

True

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11
Q

What causes delayed onset muscle soreness?

A

Microtears and inflammation

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12
Q

When do skeletal muscles generate the most tension?

A

Near their resting length

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13
Q

Which fibers can generate the most tension?

A

Type IIb

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14
Q

Which type of fatigue is most common?

A

Central command fatigue

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15
Q

All organs have an endocrine function. (true/false)

A

True

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16
Q

Hormones influence all the cells they come in contact with. (true/false)

A

False

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17
Q

Do hormones that are acutely regulated usually have a short or long half-lives?

A

Short half-lives

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18
Q

Where is aldosterone made?

A

Adrenal Cortex

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19
Q

What hormone directly regulates prolactin secretion?

A

Dopamine

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20
Q

During smooth muscle activation, what does calmodulin bind to and activate?

A

Myosin light chain kinase

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21
Q

During smooth muscle activation, what does myosin light chain kinase have a higher affinity for after undergoing conformational change?

A

Actin

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22
Q

During smooth muscle activation, dephosphorylated mysosin undergoes cross-bridge cycling like skeletal muscles. (True/False)

A

True

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23
Q

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) travels to the thyroid gland to stimulate the release of Thyroid Hormone. (true/false)

A

False

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24
Q

Where is Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH) released?

A

Hypothalamus

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25
Q

Where is Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) located?

A

Anterior Pituitary

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26
Q

What stimulates the release of TSH?

A

TRH

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone

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27
Q

What hormone is released by the thyroid gland?

A

Thyroid Hormone

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28
Q

What type of hormones can cross the blood-brain barrier and why?

A

Steroids and thyroid hormones

Because they are lipid-soluble

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29
Q

For the reflex of lifting your foot: What muscles on the ipsalateral side would excitatory and inhibitory afferents synapse on?

A

Excitatory afferents synapse on the flexor muscles while inhibitory afferents synapse on the extensors.

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30
Q

For the reflex of lifting your foot: what muscles on the contralateral side would excitatory and inhibitory afferents synapse on?

A

Excitatory afferents synapse on the extensor muscles while the inhibitory afferents synapse on the flexor muscles.

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31
Q

What controls the secretion rate of hormones?

A

The action of a substrate other than a hormone on an endocrine gland.
Neural control of endocrine gland (Neurotransmitters).
Control of secretory activity of one endocrine gland by hormone or neurohormone secreted by another endocrine gland.

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32
Q

Define Chronic Hormone Regulation

A

The maintenance of relatively constant concentration of hormone.

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33
Q

Define Acute Hormone Regulation

A

Stimuli induces a “brief” change in plasma hormone levels.

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34
Q

Epinephrine in response to stress is an example of what kind of hormone regulation?

A

Acute Hormone Regulation

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35
Q

Thyroid hormone is an example of what kind of hormone regulation

A

Chronic Hormone Regulation

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36
Q

Female reproductive hormones are an example of what kind of hormone regulation?

A

Cyclic Hormone Regulation

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37
Q

Define Cyclic Hormone regulation

A

Plasma hormone levels fluctuate regularly

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38
Q

Protein-bound hormones can diffuse into interstitial fluid. (true/false)

A

False

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39
Q

As concentration of free hormone molecules increases, what happens to the number of hormone molecules diffusing.

A

The amount diffusing increases

40
Q

Free hormone molecules bind to target cells. (true/false)

41
Q

A decrease in plasma protein concentration can result in loss of hormone. (true/false)

42
Q

Hormones are rapidly eliminated by which organs?

A

Kidney or Liver

43
Q

Lipid soluble hormones diffuse through fenestrae. (true/false)

44
Q

What does water soluble hormones diffuse through?

45
Q

What do lipid soluble hormones diffuse through?

A

Capillary cells

46
Q

A hormone will activate any cell that is near. (true/false)

47
Q

What organs make steroids?

A

Ovaries
Testes
Adrenal Glands
Placenta

48
Q

Adrenal cortex produces androgens. (true/false)

49
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex produce?

A
  • Glucocorticoids
  • Mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)
  • Androgens
50
Q

What steroids do the gonads produce?

A

Estrogens
Progestins
Androgens

51
Q

Steroid hormones are stored in release vesicles. (true/false)

52
Q

How is steroid release regulated?

A

By regulating production

53
Q

Why must steroids bind to proteins to be transported?

A

They are hydrophobic so they cannot transport themselves to target tissues

54
Q

Peptide amine hormones are stored in secretory vesicles. (true/false)

55
Q

Muscle lengthening is a passive process. (true/false)

56
Q

What are the main components of muscles?

A

They are excitable, extensible, and elastic

57
Q

What are skeletal muscles predominantly composed of?

58
Q

What is the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle called?

A

Sarcolemma

59
Q

A nerve innervates one muscle fiber. (true/false)

60
Q

What is the name of a synapse between a neuron and a muscle fiber?

A

Neuromuscular Junction

61
Q

What are myofibrils composed of?

A

Actin and Myosin

62
Q

Actin fibers are active sites for torponin. (true/false)

63
Q

Where do mysosin bind to actin?

A

Actin fibers

64
Q

What do troponin molecules do?

A

Regulate the position of tropomyosin over the actin active sites.

65
Q

Myofilaments are arranged into sarcomeres. (true/false)

66
Q

Which band contains only actin myofilaments?

67
Q

Which band contains only myosin myofilaments?

68
Q

What contains proteins to help hold myosin in register?

69
Q

WHat is the attachment site for one end of the actin myofilament?

A

Z Disk/Line

70
Q

What attaches myosin to the Z Line?

71
Q

Titin contributes to which properties of muscle and how?

A

Titin acts like a spring to contribute to the extensibility and elasticity of muscle

72
Q

How are sarcomeres shortened?

A

Actin myofilaments sliding over myosin

73
Q

Gravity cause sarcomeres to lengthen during relaxation. (true/false)

74
Q

What external force(s) cause sarcomeres to lengthen during relaxation.

A

Antagonistic Muscles

Gravity

75
Q

What is necessary for myosin to detach from actin?

76
Q

After death ATP is still produced. (true/false)

77
Q

Contraction of skeletal muscle is secondary to motor neuron activation. (true/false)

78
Q

Muscle fibers have a high number of what ion leak channels?

79
Q

Resting membrane for muscle fiber is around -85 to -90 mV. (true/false)

80
Q

What is the depolarizing stimulus for muscle cells?

A

Opening of a nicotinic receptor ion channel

81
Q

Many motor units make up one muscle. (true/false)

82
Q

What size motor units are for gross control?

A

Large Motor Units

83
Q

Small motor units do what kind of control?

A

Fine Control

84
Q

What does the activation of the motor neuron lead to?

A
  • Release of ACh from the presynaptic neruon
  • Activation of nictonic receptors on post-synaptic muscle cell
  • Depolarization of the muscle cell
85
Q

What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum store and contain a high concentration of?

A

Calcium ion

86
Q

What protein(s) in the sarcolemma remove Calcium ion?

A

Na+ – Ca++ exchanger

Ca++ Pump

87
Q

Intracellular ATP stores are large. (true/false)

88
Q

What can ATP be made from rapidly?

A

Phosphocreatine

89
Q

Muscles store enough phosphocreatine to replenish ATP pool several times. (true/false)

90
Q

Define concentric contraction.

A

Isotonic contraction in which tension in muscle overcomes load and muscle shortens

91
Q

Define eccentric contraction

A

Isotonic contraction in which tension is maintained but load is greater and muscle lengthens.

92
Q

Slowly lowering a weight is an example of what kind of contraction?

A

Eccentric Contraction

93
Q

There is a lag phase between when the motor neuron is stimulated and the contraction is intiated. (true/false)

94
Q

What are the phases (in order) of a muscle twitch?

A

Lag Phase
Contraction Phase
Relaxation Phase

95
Q

What is the duration of a muscle fiber contraction dependent on?

A

Duration of calcium increase in cytoplasm

How long it takes myosin heads to detach

Exam Review (6 decks)

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