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Exam Review > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

A single cell may have receptors for multiple intercellular communication molecules. (True/False)

A

True

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2
Q

All enzymes are proteins. (True/False)

A

True

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3
Q

All forms of active transport use ATP either directly or indirectly. (True/False)

A

True

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4
Q

Calcium acts as a second messenger in cells. (True/False)

A

True

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5
Q

Over what distance is diffusion efficient?

A

Short distances

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6
Q

What change in concentration is net diffusion?

A

From high to low concentration

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7
Q

Which environment does homeostasis maintain?

A

Extracellular Environment

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8
Q

What is the study of body structure called?

A

Anatomy

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9
Q

Water moves towards solutions with…

A

High osmotic pressure

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10
Q

Is flux through an ion channel or a transporter faster?

A

Ion Channel

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11
Q

Exercise increases the ability of your blood to clot should you experience mechanical trauma. This is an example of:

A

Feed-forward

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12
Q

Mechanical trauma leads to leakage of blood from blood vessels, which triggers clotting to stop blood loss. This is an example of:

A

Negative Feedback

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13
Q

What do you do to an enzymes affinity for a substrate to decrease the rate of the reaction catalyzed by that enzyme at ligand concentration below a new saturation level?

A

Decrease its affinity.

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14
Q

What forms a permeability barrier between cells?

A

Tight Junctions

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15
Q

What are the mechanism(s) for gating ion channels?

A

Ligand-gating
Mechanical-gating
Voltage-gating

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16
Q

What helps make up desmosomes?

A

Cadherins

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17
Q

Steady-state requires energy. (True/False)

A

True

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18
Q

What in the plasma membrane makes it less fluid?

A

Cholesterol

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19
Q

Why are all cells not the same even though they have the same DNA?

A

Cellular differentiation

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20
Q

What types of proteins are involved in retrograde transport in neurons?

A

Dyneins

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21
Q

What is a collection of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system called?

A

Nucleus

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22
Q

IP3 stimulates the release of what ion from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Calcium

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23
Q

What enzyme does the alpha subunit of Gi bind to?

A

Adenylyl cyclase

24
Q

What enzyme does the alpha subunit of Gq bind to?

A

Phospholipase C

25
Q

Which organ systems are involved in homeostasis?

A

All except the reproductive system

26
Q

Desmosomes are common in epithelial cells. (True/False)

A

True

27
Q

Diffusion is effective over what distance?

A

Short

28
Q

In a healthy person, all variables are always in homeostasis. (True/False)

A

False

29
Q

If an ion channel lets potassium (39 g/mol) pass through, it must also allow sodium (23 g/mol) to pass through. (True/False)

A

False

30
Q

Intracellular receptors are also transcription factors. (True/False)

A

True

31
Q

Ligands are covalently bound proteins. (True/False)

A

False

32
Q

Most proteins have multiple binding sites for ligands. (True/False)

A

True

33
Q

Multi-step signal transduction pathways allow for amplification of the effects in the cell. (True/False)

A

True

34
Q

Positive feedback can be used to maintain homeostasis. (True/False)

A

True

35
Q

Reflexes happen inside a cell. (true/false)

A

False

36
Q

Since hormones enter the blood, all cells in the body will respond to the hormone. (true/false)

A

False

37
Q

The more solutes dissolved in a water solution, the higher the osmolarity of the solution. (true/false)

A

True

38
Q

What is the predominant use of ATP in cells?

A

Phosphorylate proteins

39
Q

Equilibrium or Steady-State

Which does NOT require energy to be maintained?

A

Equilibrium

40
Q

Are there more types of Intracellular Receptors or Membrane-bound Receptors?

A

Intracellular Receptors

41
Q

What type of osmolarity does water move towards?

A

Higher osmolarity

42
Q

On which side are integral proteins glycosylated?

A

The extracellular side

43
Q

What does it mean to say that epithelial cells are polar?

A

They have different proteins on the apical and basolateral membrane

44
Q

What is the MOST SPECIFIC type of endocytosis?

A

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

45
Q

What is the study of body structure called?

A

Anatomy

46
Q

Connexins are a part of…

A

Gap Junctions

47
Q

What does the alpha-subunit of Gq-protein bind to?

A

Phospholipase C

48
Q

If J is positive, the net flux is from…

A

Outside the cell to inside the cell

49
Q

What would increasing the affinity of an enzyme for a substrate do to the reaction rate?

A

Increase the rate of reaction at substrate concentrations below the initial saturation level

50
Q

When the sodium-potassium pump is phosphorylated, what does it have a high affinity for and where are its binding sites?

A

High affinity for potassium

Both binding sites are facing the extracellular side

51
Q

Which cell communication requires direct cell contact?

A

Juxtacrine communication

52
Q

What are the products of the reaction catalyzed by Phospholipase C?

A

DAG and IP3

53
Q

What enzyme is necessary for the dephosporylation of proteins?

A

Phosphoproteins phosphatase

54
Q

What transcription factor does JAK bind to?

A

STAT

55
Q

What can increase the rate of flux of a solute across a semipermeable membrane?

A

Increased surface area
Increased permiability
Positive change in concentration

56
Q

What is the equation for net flux?

A

J = AP(Co - Ci)

57
Q

What is a functional unit?

A

A small, repeating unit that performs the function of the organ.

Exam Review (6 decks)

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