Exam 4 Flashcards
Family-how related
blood, marriage or adoption
Family- how meaning has changed (%)
1970- 40% nuclear
2010- 21% nuclear
overall- 29% same sex (inc.)
Family- orientation
no choice, born into
lrg. socializing impact
Ex. SES
Family- procreation
having kids when and with whom IS a choice
Starting families- forms of attraction
PHYSICAL (at first) as age looks become less important proximity similarity status cul./ race
Starting families- forms of attraction- Proximity
have to know e/o exists
transition btw many ponds in lifetime
you meet about 30 ppl in your life that would be a good match for you
internet inc. exposure and broadens pond
Starting families- forms of attraction- Familiarity/ Similarity
connect based on same chara.
Starting families- forms of attraction- Status
in past
men looked for wives that could protect
now
women look for men that offer finan. security
71% of wmn agreed w/ statement
Ex. why ppl as your major
Starting families- forms of attraction- Culture and Race
cultural pressure on who is an appropriate partner
Life Cycle- def. of love
being sexually attracted to another
and idealizing another
look past faults + accept
Life Cycle- movement marriage- importance of love
depends on religion
some require ppl to be in love to marry
o/ think that love is something you learn after you are married
Life cycle- Endogamy
ppl w/ similar chara. tend to marry e/o reguardless
Rates of Marriage
1960- 1-10 not married
2005- 1-5 not married
*amnt ppl getting married is dec.
Cohabiting
2016- 18 million ppl normative beh. to transition to marriage older get, less need to get remarried occurs in females 20-27 and males 23-30 (1960)
Cohabiting- serial
having 1+ partners and never getting married
inc. neg. feelings toward marriage
common in divorced wmn w/ kids
Childbirth- Marriage dynamics after birth, at 6 and during adolescence
expec. after marriage to have kids
after 1st birth
marri. satisfaction dec.
new responsibilities and schedules
at 6
marri. satisfaction inc.
kids go to school
adolescence
marri. sat. dec. again
dealing w/ many chances + beh.
Social class v Childbirth time- middle class
postpone having kids
inc. marri. satis.
inc. financial stability
prt of lower risk taking culture
Social class v Childbirth time- Role of the Father
inc. in last 30 yrs
more involved and role redefined
Social class v Childbirth time- Daycare
kids not socialized by only family
socialized by kids and teachers
wmen work instead of stay home
need care givers for childrn
30% In pre-school
10% have nannies
Concerted Cultivation
inc. involvement of kids in activities
pressured by parents
usually upper and mid. class families
parents introd. competition to teach kids how to be successful
Ex. transfer from sports to job promotion
depends on resources of ppl
Ex. lower SES ppl don’t have money for yoga
Functionalism- Family- sexuality
defines sexual beh.
appropriate partners diff. w/ culture
Functionalism- Social Placement
inherit social class
exposed same resources as parents
more likely to marry ppl you are similar w/
Functionalism- material and emotional security
“Haven argument”
receive from family
Conflict Perspective- Family
family money should be passed dwn through generations
family= social institutions
cause inequal.
Ex. ppl w. $ from family don’t have to work hard
Conflict Perspective- Male control- Power dynamic
power dynamic est.
mom v dad
parents v kids
changes overtime
as kids get older they earn more trust + begin to be equal w/ older members of the familySymbolic Interactionalism- Family
learned and represen. by notable experiences
used to represent what family is supp. look like
def. of fam varies w/ person
but way learn what fam. is is the same
Symbolic Interactionalism- Difficulty of Divorce
look at how ppl find themselves again after a relationship
Ex. Me v We
separate own experi. from those, you had w/ a sig. o/
Symbolic Interactionalism- Emotional Labor
anything that requires extra effort related to your emotions
Ex. researching vets or writing thank you cards
usually applied to only women
WHY?
Symbolic Interactionalism- Negotiation of roles
even though society has changed
still carryover of work role expectations
Ex. men wrk profes. jobs and wmn wrk at home
Preindustrial Family
everyone had job in family
own mini-economy (self suffic.)
respons. for own survival
Ex. Little House on the Prarie
depended on kinship network
extended families help e/o
*weakened as families became urban
Industrial Family
no kinship network
have to rely on others to live
requires making money
*idea of modern nuclear family dev.
Dad goes to work and returns for dinner
Mom takes care of house chores
Women now
begin working outside the home
hire childcare
Women now- Second shift
unpaid work do at home after get done with job
Ex. making dinner, laundry and cleaning
wmn work 15 hrs more / wk at home than men
by dec second shift marri. tends to be happier and more stable
Women now- Second shift- Tactics
men try to get out of housework
instead of nego. roles
use tactics
“substitute offerings”
give women flowers so wives feel like they can’t complain
Single motherhood- Blame + Desire
blamed if wmn put herself in that situation
not blamed if wmn widowed or husband died
usually ppl desire to be married
sometimes doesn’t work functionally
Rates of Marriage and Divorce
coincide w/ e/o
when marr. inc, divorce inc.
Divorce- causes
individualism inc
not happy in relation.
if in rel. less likely to split
love can subside
wmn more indep.
have higher ed. and more money
able to supp. themselves
stress
inc. w/ societal and cul. advancements
socially accepted
not as stigmatized
questioned, but not looked down upon
easier to access
no longer need concrete proof
Family in Later Life- ppl live longer- Empty Nest
more likely to spend time in house w/ out kids present
can cause empty nest syndrome
wmn that spent all time at home suffered when kids left
Family in Later Life- Women in Workforce- Failure Launching
empty nest syndrome not a pattern anymore
happiness inc. in marriage when kids leave
trends in children
leave house longer and come back later
provides them financial stability
men more likely to stay at family home
Failure Launching- not blame parents anymore. blame structure
Family in Later Life- Wmn more likely to be widowed
predicated that wmn that are widowed will move back w/kids
(especially those w/ low SES)
no money for nursing home
Ch. 13 Education
process dev academic social + cul. ideas
transmits knowledge from one gen. to another
relatively new form of socialization
not just about hard skills like arithmetic
Education- Credential Society
ed. important to success in society
used as a scale to measure job eligibility
Education- Importance of School
relationship btw ed. and high paying jobs
have ed= more money + “better job”
less risk and more benefits involved
Education- Barriers to Success
not all students are successful in system
ed. NOT “great equalizer”
skills are not equal
Education- Barriers to Success- Functional Illiteracy
can’t read or write well enough to be succes. in soc.
used to be able to avoid w/ work in trade proffesions
now- mre requir. to be literate
Education- Barriers to Success- Inumiracy
insufficient math skills to function in soc. US- 22% below basic skills US- 33% basic US- 13% proficient on specific test US- 32% proficent overall o/ countries Ex. China - 70%
Education- Functionalist
purpose- educate and socialize
teach skills be success. in wrkfrce
(manifest fun. - what is expected)
transmits value and beliefs that are accep. in soc.
(latent fun. - just kind of happens)
Ex. wrk hard
reponse to auth.
time manag. + responsibility
Education- Functionalist- Hidden Curriculum
fun. of education that is used to control + impose outsiders
reinforces social inequal.
Education- characteristics (6)
social integration
allows ppl to "fit in"
innovation
gatekeeping
education or lack of ed. can effect barriers
mainstreaming
mix all lvls of kids
don't favor one group
replace family function
edu. can act as childcare
marriage market
exposed to more groupsEducation- Functionalist- Hidden Curriculum- Tracking- (+ and -) and results of no track
opposite of mainstreaming
ppl divided based on ability or occupation
specialized to goals
Ex. Nursing
positive effects
put struggling child in higher class leads to improvement
negative effects
misplace student= lower performance
no track
lwr test scores
more bad beh.
usually low SES or minority race
white parents demand/ intervene in child’s education
Education- Conflict Perspective
ed. system and access how upper class maintains pwr
ed. reproduces social class structure
disadv. communities recieve lwr value ed.
keeps lwr class lwr
hidden curriculum maintains system
ed. used to teach ppl pos. in society
no encouragement to reach higher occup.
Education- Conflict Perspective- Kozol Conclusion
ed. NOT provide same opp. for all
funding = big issue
low SES = low income = low tax $
poor infrastruc., no teachers, less opp.
Education- Conflict Perspective- Coleman Report
before Kozol (in 1966)
class size smaller with higher SES
higher grad. and test rates
high SES communities can provide more money for schools
problems with ed. related to poverty and racial inequality
kids in low SES tend to avoid STEM fields
Education- Homeschooling
3.3% are homeschooled
# of kids increased from 1.7% to 3.4%
concern= socialization
tend to be High SES w/ 2 parents
outcomes
high test scores, more comm. involvement, more likely to vote
kids mre engaged and inc. in self-esteem
parents pick own curriculumPublic v Private- Private- and Voucher System
kids perform better academically
greater access to resources and higher SES
most beneficial for disadv. youth that make it in
do more homework + have higher success rates
vocher system
from Betsy DeVous
use public money to help parents pay for private
usually low SES ppl.
occurs in 14 states
schools not required to take kids
Education- Symbolic Interactionalism
schools a socializing factor
teacher expectation can effect student’s success
labels can hinder student achievement
lwr expectation for outcomes
Ex. Rosenthal’s Study
specifically micro-interactions
kids rise to expectations lvl set for them
Education- Higher Education- SAT
SAT ( scholastic aptitude test)
ppl think test culturally biased
test favors dominate grp (whites)
whites score higher
scores correlated w/ family background
parents help kids (ex. test prep courses)
usually mid- high classes
Education- Symbolic Interactionalism- Affirmative Action
used to mitigate gap
btw white + minority
helps disadvantaged
Ex. Harvard case
Asians rejected based on personal rankings
*only a factor in about 20% of US colleges
Education- Symbolic Interactionalism- Credentialism
Overemphasize college degrees
for signaling social status or occupation
upper class
use ed. as way to maintain dominance
get good jobs by differentiating themselves
attend prestigious schools
Education- inequality- social class
students in harder classes perform better
cultural capital a factor
resources ppl use to advantage
embodied, objectified and institutionalized
indicate social class
white parents more likely to demand more bc have same lvl of credentials of educator
Education- inequality- Race
higher percentage of whites grad. highschool than blacks
white= 95%
black= 82%
linked to poverty and class
whites educ. throughout whole year
blacks more prone to “summer setback”
lower SES and do not have money for it
Religion- definition
system of bel. and practices around sacred things
used to explain the world
can shape beh. by setting expectations
narr. guide beliefs and actions
Religion- Sociological Stance
do NOT care about morality or truth of rel.
care about how beliefs/ rel. impact soc. institutions
how rel. is organized
impact rel. has on family and marraige
Religion- Sociological Approach- Problems
approach studies w/ no bias
find out why ppl do what they do
Problems encountered-
balance sympth. and detachmnt
cannot join!
making real relations. on false foundation
have be on guard
notice every single detail, even if it seems normal to you
inevitable comparisons
rel. not ranked, just diff.
Religion- Variety- Theism
worship god or gods
mono and poly
Religion- Variety- Ethicalsim
adherence to principles v a supernat. figur
leads to moral life
Religion- Variety- Animism
belief that spirits roam nat. wrld
common in ppl that rely on nature for well being
Religion- Marx Theory- Opiate of the Masses
rel. used to keep wrks from questioning oppression
owners stress promise of happy eternity if ppl worked hard in present
rel= “Opiate of the Masses”
rel. numbs ppl to reality of their situation
Religion- Weber Theory
rel. (protestantism or Calvinsim ) is pre-req for dev. of capitalism
ppl engage in wrking hard
bc more profit get= translates to better chance of getting into heaven
action of buying into the system is impor. for capitalism
ppl act as the engine for growth
Religion- Durkheim Theory
included in functionalism
all rel. divided into the sacred and the profane
sacred- supernat., uncommon, unique to specific rel.
profane- common, not significant to a rel.
wrks to categorize + seperate things
profane can contaminate
use religion to cleanse self
Ex. communion
promotes solidarity
part of larger group
creates cohesion
Religion- Symbolic Interactionalism
focus on construct of meaning
= done w/ symbols
symb- provide id. and soc. solidarity
envoke feelings + morality
look at narriatives of rel.
tell ppl how wrld works
varies w/ rel.
Religion- Symbolic Interactionalism- Ritualsim
ceremonies or repetitive practices
meaning of cleansing (church)
marks life transition (wedding)
Religion- Secularism
mvmnt away from spiritual rational and towards scientific reasoning
(mostly equal now)
Religion- Pluralism- 2 views
many diff. rel. groups in one society
accepting of rel. choice
1) too many choices weakens credibility of all rel.
2) diversity in rel. beneficial
no conflict and allows community building
more adaptability to changing cul.
Commercialization of rel.
idea from Conley
formation of “Megachurches” creates destination for ppl
look at how the offerings of such churches changes overtime
action of protestant free choice
ppl are able to pick own church
so churches compete for membership
encourage membership w/ secular services
perks within the church
Ex. coffee shop
Religion organization- cult defin.
cult or New Religious mvmnt
infancy of a new belief system
grp that teaches ideas that oppose domin. cul beliefs
interested in how classify each and differences btw them
Religion organization- cult- Leader
charismatic leader
supposed to lead ppl to salvation
responsible for success or failure (coach)
Religion organization- cult- Message and attitude from soc.
message is urgent
apocalyptic
fear mobilizes members
soc. attitude is neg.
*many fail anywayReligious seeker
person that attracted to new mvmnts
hops from cult to cult
gets bored easily
influence for guaranteeing unsteady membership
Sect- Splinter Group
larger than a cult
less influential
still neg. attitude from soc.
can originate from splinter groups
eventually become a churchSect- Church
highly organized
accepted in soc.
values coincide w/ values of soc.
*don't always have to convert yourself
sometimes born into rel. (baptism when young)Religion- Distribution- Christian transition and effect of ed.
70% christian
of 70, 25% are evangelical protest.
transition from mainline to evangel.
mainline was less strict
in 70's
higher ed. whites w/ a higher class
tend to be "rel. nones"Religion- Grwth Paradox
more strict rel. grow faster
kind of ppl that seek strict church are already self disci.
value higher demands
Religiosity- definition and move from church to religiosity
high levels
- when ppl have freedom of rel. choice
practicing a belief is not the same as going to church
more emphasis on feelings of rel.
don’t like structure and demands of church
popular in youth
the older you get the more likely you attend church
can be caused by the presence of children
Religion- Civil Religion
meld rel. beliefs w/ patriotism
set ideas influenced by rel.
God apparent in all civil actions
ex. Pres oath
National Anthem
Holidays (easter, st. patricks, valentines, and christmas)
