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Sociology 101 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Stratification

A

refers to inequalities between groups
socially constructed
intended or unintended
upper class = more opp. and resources

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2
Q

Stratification con.- Not characteristic

A

is based on position, not characteristic or individualized
traits of society rub off based on status
born into- ascribed status
persists through generations
universal throughout cultures
*involves beliefs and justification

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3
Q

“Belonging”

A

outlines diff. btw classes

through socialization

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4
Q

Stratification and money

A

affects goals, activities, and relationships

lower SES= work harder to have same opportunities as o/

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5
Q

Stratification and physical separation

A

way expected to walk, talk and dress

where allowed to sit and who allowed to talk to

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6
Q

View on inequality- Rosseau

A

private prop.=social inequality

inequalities inc. natural or social

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7
Q

Equality

A

no differences in wealth, power or prestige

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8
Q

Natural inequality

A

things born w/ that can’t change (race and ethnicity)

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9
Q

Social Inequality

A

authorized by the consent of man
things that are a product of ppl (wealth)
Ex. rich can control ppl below them

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10
Q

View on inequality- Ferguson and Miller Rebuttal

A

inequality has value
pushes ppl to work harder and drive society
collectively there is more for everyone

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11
Q

View on inequality- Malthus

A

inequality is also good
*BUT only for population growth
if spread resources too thin, guarantee own destruction

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12
Q

View on inequality- Hegel’s Master-Slave Dialectic

A

dialectic- mutual dependance
slave needs master to survive
master needs slave for income
belief that overtime master- idea would die out
more free ppl + not enough masters
Ex. teacher -student relationship
teacher needs students in order to make money
students need teacher to get degree

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13
Q

Forms of Stratification

A

systm which human grps ranked in hierarchy based on social dimension

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14
Q

Forms of Stratification- Estate system

A

politically-based
limited social mobility or mvmnt btw strata
law separates individuals and distributes power unevenly
ppl UNABLE change social position

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15
Q

Forms of Stratification- Caste System

A

NO mobility
based on hereditary notions of rel. and theological purity
Ex. priests at top of hierarchy
bottom= untouchable or delete
can contaminate anyone higher
person has to be purified if contamina.
*when caste removed stigma w/ lower grps not go away

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16
Q

Forms of Stratification- Class System

A

economically based
characterized by loose mvmnt
pos. that occupy not supposed reflect indivi. characteristics
but economic contribution
ranked by class
ppl can occupy pos. that are btw classes

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17
Q

Forms of Stratification- Class system- Vaber

A

class= posit. w/ common life opportunities

not dependant on position of others

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18
Q

SES (socioeconomic status)

A

boundaries btw classes not defined
SES used to make distinction
overall rank of ppl based on income, education and job
*artificial measurer for class pos.

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19
Q

SES (socioeconomic status)- Understanding class

A

ask ppl what they think of themselves
(subjective)
but looking at diff. ends of ses spectrum
seems like ppl living in diff societies
differing actions and expect.

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20
Q

SES- Top tier

A 
capitalist class (1% of pop)
lrg economic + pol. pwr
generally attended prestigious school
money comes from returns from investments
                no daily paycheck
                OR money can be passed down
more wealth than bttm 90% combined
               own 40% US' money
CEO salary 290x greater than avg. person
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21
Q

SES- WASP Lessons (video of high class)

A 
high cul. + old money
prefer specific wrds over others
                Ex. drape v curtain
have rules + expectations to follow
everything replaceable bc have means
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22
Q

SES- Middle Class

A

no clear def. of middle
everyone likes to think they are midd
white collar v blue collar
depends on home ownership + college ed. of kids

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23
Q

SES- Middle Class- Upper section

A

have post-grad degree through respected schools
income about $125,000/ household
money earned through managerial jobs
*often feel need to justify place in class
have items symbolic of high mid. class

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24
Q

SES- Middle Class- Lower section

A 
34%
semi-professional jobs
families have rely on income b/ parents
         to maintain basic needs and some luxury items
about $60,000
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25
Q

SES- Working Class

A 
30%
live paycheck to paycheck
skilled laborers
$36,000
"down-turn vulnerable"
           when economy crashes they are first to lose job
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26
Q

SES- Working poor

A 
15%
live in poverty
work at least 27 wks/yr
can rely on social services
DO WORK but still can't make ends meet
Ex. (sami's mom)
$19,000
politically alienated
                   bc don't have money= no power to make changes
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27
Q

SES- Tammy’s Story

A

son ashamed of where live and mom
Tammy comes from low SES (had 22 siblings)
no car, lives in trailer house, walks 10 miles to work at Burger King
son didn’t think he was “harvard material”
no something he decided himself
something others communicated to him by way of social classes

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28
Q

SES- Tammy’s Story Revisisted

A

live in new house
younger brother got into drugs and is unemployed
has kid
older brother didn’t finish high school and has kid
Tammy still walks to Burger King
didn’t get raise after 14 yrs
didn’t look for new job bc has no room to take risks- status limits her (systemic barrier)

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29
Q

SES- Working Underclass

A 
5%
less than $12,000
segregated residentially
lack education- no skills + credentials therefore
chronically unemployed
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30
Q

Measure of Poverty

A

absolute pov. v relative pov.

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31
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

lack basic necessities
food, shelter, + income
used to define pov. line or extreme pov
live off $1.25 per day

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32
Q

Relative Poverty

A

afford basic necessities
but cannot maintain standard of living
MORE COMMON
40% in US not have at least $400 in case of emergency

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33
Q

Federal Poverty Level (FPL)

A 
based on data from 1955
include families that spend 1/3 of income on food
$12,490 for indivi.
$25,750 for family of 4
12.3% of US @ or below line
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34
Q

Poverty Level- Food insecurity

A

13% of families
not enough food for all members
not know where next meal is coming from
more at risk- female lead families + black families

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35
Q

Poverty Level- Housing

A

not many available options

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36
Q

Poverty Level- Healthcare

A

kids tend be not healthy and not immunized

have lower rates of activity

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37
Q

Viewpoints on Class

A

conflict, functionalist, and symbolic interactionalism

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38
Q

Viewpoint- Conflict

A

ruling class benefit from unequal distri. of wealth
tend keep or create conditions that secure power
encourage labels of poor

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39
Q

Viewpoint- Functionalism

A

inequality exists bc built into roles and needs of society

if everyone was rich society could not function

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40
Q

Viewpoint- Sym. Interactionalism

A 
where o/ communicate to us why we are in a certain class
how we display actions and symbols
Ex. middle class uses example of kids in college to display their class
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41
Q

Property

A

wealth v income
wealth- cumulative, can be passed down
income- money earned individually
income inequality margin increasing

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42
Q

Prestige

A

is respect, recognition or regard
based on wealth, fam. background or occupation
Ex. doctor gets more respect than fast food worker
bc prestigious occp. require: education, pay more, and require higher level of critical thinking
* most wealthy have most power and prestige

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43
Q

Power

A

ability of indiv. achieve goals, control events, and maintain influence over o/
usually sm grps in society
pwr elite- control how soci. functions

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44
Q

Standards of equality- Ontological

A

Ontological equality- everyone created equal before GOD

if inequal, exists it’s bc of hard work

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45
Q

Standards of equality- Opp.

A

Equality of Opp.- inequal is accepted if
all have same opp for advancement and follow same rules
Ex. monopoly
if differences, due to luck and skill

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46
Q

Standards of equality- Condition

A

attempt to lvl playing field
change rules to help ppl w/ lower starting place
Ex. financial aid or food stamps

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47
Q

Standards of equality- Outcome

A

everyone should have same rewards
reguardless of opp. skill, or starting point
correlates w/ free-riding problem
if guarantee an outcome ppl will be less motivated to work hard

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48
Q

Social mobility

A

mvmnt btw strata

types- horizontal or vertical

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49
Q

Horizontal mobility

A

changing jobs within same class

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50
Q

Vertical mobility

A

changing classes (can occur w/ marriage)

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51
Q

Structural mobility

A

inevitable changes due to economy
group focused
shifts in demand of certain occupations
Ex. China and inland infrastructure failure

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52
Q

Exchange mobility

A 
ppl trade places in economy
# jobs fairly stable
                balanced as ppl go up or down
Ex. retiring or graduating from college
based on talent or experience
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53
Q

Gender

A

social construct that consists of a set of social arrangements
built around sex
general belief that gender corresponds to sex born w/
*can affect access to resources largely!

54
Q

Sex

A

biological difference

distinguishes males from females

55
Q

Sexuality

A

refers to desire, sexual identity, and beh.

56
Q

Gender- Fluidity

A

examines relationship btw nature and nurture
clear line btw both
how cultural beh. impacts way act out sex
ppl are socialized into expectations
Ex. treat boys differently than girls
not based on biology but what they e/ assoc. w/

57
Q

Gender roles

A

way examine man or woman
beh. norms communicate one’s status
Ex. “sit like a lady”
can be enforced by punishment
boys are punished harder than girls
norms= way dress, expectations, walk talk and way think1

58
Q

Gender roles- US traditionally

A

construct natural diff. w/ cul. assumptions about gender
allows ppl to give “biological” reasons vs social
Ex. “boys will be boys”

59
Q

Gender Continuum

A

where fall on scale- based on how far society pushes you
not definite categories of male v female
can overlap
like to categorize ppl bc allows predictability

60
Q

Why do we care about Gender?

A 
bc it est. expectations
provides predictability (ex. way ppl dress)
a fundamental aspect of institutions
     (Ex. male v female rules at home)
affects how we identify ourselves
           gender comm. to us by o/
61
Q

Gender Socialization

A

happens through teaching and learning

Ex. toys- barbies v trucks

62
Q

Fluidity overtime

A

Look at how definitions of gender roles change over time
Ex. women transition from housewife to real job
try to avoid explanations that address bio
“essentialistic agruments”
prevents knowledge of social implications and therefore makes ppl feel need not to change anything

63
Q

Intersex

A

fun. of biological sex
indiv. that has ambigious genitalia
doctors force parents to pick sex
ensures stability of binary sex system
ppl believe now that kids should be able to make own decision

64
Q

Gender Diversity- based on time

A

seen throughout all of history

65
Q

Cisgender

A

gender corresponds to birth sex

common belief that all ppl should be like this

66
Q

Transgender

A

gender does not match birth sex

Ex. Indian men (persecuted to poverty)

67
Q

Cross Dresser

A

wears clothing commonly asso. w/ opposite sex
*could be due to cul. vs identity
Ex. women wear men’s clothing to avoid restrictions

68
Q

Age Separation

A

ideas about gender not developed upon birth

taught at young age the diff. btw boys and girls

69
Q

Age Separation- 2-3 yr olds

A

cross-sex play common

70
Q

Age Separation- 7-8 yr olds

A

same-sex play

begin to learn charact. and expec. of each

71
Q

Space Control

A

boys take up more area
change action/ conversation based on who interacting w/
Ex. girls talking to girls v girls talking to boys

72
Q

Gender Boundaries

A

girls cross easier

Ex. tomboy v pussy

73
Q

Theoretical Perspectives

A

Ex. functionalism

explain why ineq. exist

74
Q

Theoretical Perspectives- Functionalism

A

gender roles are important for society to function
some ppl are better at certain roles than others
inequal. is favored
heterosexuality needed to fill all roles

75
Q

Theoretical Perspectives- Functionalism- Sex Role Theory

A 
nuclear family (common) arrangement is good
              displays common expectations of society
76
Q

Theoretical Perspectives- Conflict Perspective

A

need inequal OR
men would lose prestige
have to do unpaid work if wmn equal
women have to struggle for power
male-dominated society
role of wmn- help men secure their pos. of pwr

77
Q

Theoretical Perspectives- Symbolic Interactionalism

A

explains how inequal. is social construct
inequal. still remains today bc of soc. barriers
*focus on everyday processes that produce/ reinforce gender roles
roles learned not born w/

78
Q

Theoretical Perspectives- Feminist Perspective- Liberal, Radical, and multiracial

A

offshoot of conflict theory (men dominated)
inequal. of sex and gender worse based on money

liberal- are rules the same for all?
radical- focuses on male advan. + how creates inequal. for wmn
multiracial- no single category of being wmn
black and white are diff.
common perspe. is from middle class white woman

79
Q

Theoretical Perspectives- Feminist Perspective- Double Jeopardy

A

when apart of 2 marginalized groups
Ex. poor black wmn (key- poor and black)
emphasizes disadvan. and unequal treatment
“intersectionality”

80
Q

Hegemonic Masculinity

A

condition when men have more privilege and power

81
Q

sexism

A

discrimination based on sex

82
Q

Forms of Discrimination- Heterosexism

A

neg. attitude towards non-heterosex. ppl
considers hetero. only “normal” way
hetero. ppl have an advantage

83
Q

Forms of Discrimination- Heterosexual Privilege

A

discount o/ bc not normal or hetero.

only notice ppl if different

84
Q

Forms of Discrimination- Gender Stratification

A

based on gender you have unequal access

Ex. wealth, power and prestige

85
Q

Ex. of Gender Equality- Education

A

boys get 2/3 of attention
textbooks descr. boys in leadership positions and girls in background spots
expectation of degree earned
boys assoc. w/ stem and girls asso. w/ teaching

86
Q

Ex. of Gender Equality- Workplace- “Glass ceiling”

A

glass ceiling- invisible barrier
if wmn break- representative of whole female pop.
and if mess up- judged on bio. status, rather than personal characteristics that got them there
if take control- called bitch
no way of winning

87
Q

Ex. of Gender Equality- Workplace- Motherhood Penality

A 
if leave to take care of children
         less likely to be promoted
         earn less on avg
*situation more detrimental for wmn of low SES
          need money to pay bills
88
Q

Ex. of Gender Equality- Workplace- Sexual Harassment

A

wmn more likely to be exposed to

and less likely to be believed

89
Q

Ex. of Gender Equality- Workplace- “glass escalator”

A

glass escalator- accelerated promotion of men
Ex. men in health care field
get unfair treatment bc they are an anomaly
women dominated field

90
Q

Statistics of Pay- Age

A 
under 35
                pay gap less apparent 
                 88-91%
35 and older
                pay gap more apparent
                77-81%
                when wmn leave to take care of children
                             get behind on seniority and promotions
91
Q

Statistics of Pay- Jobs where wmn v. men get paid more

A

women- travel agents
assistants
food preps
editors

men- engineers
teachers
lawyers
bankers

jobs w/ the potential to earn more have a bigger pay gap btw men and wmn
Ex. CEO, doctors, and lawyers

92
Q

Pay gap w/ age
25-34
35-44
45-54

A

25-34- 68% inc. in 1979 to 88%
35-44- inc 58% to 81%
45-54 inc from 57% to 78%
* gap has dec. but not equal yet

93
Q

Percent of men v women in education
1994
2015
2019

A

enrolled in college right after hs
1994- 63% fem. and 61%male
2015- 72.5% fem. and 68.5% male
2019- 50.2% of college educated workforce are women

94
Q

Trends in education and the workforce w/ men v women

A

men have stayed consistant w/ time
women have inc. in earning degrees
80% ppl in graduate programs are women
have higher rate than men
but lower % in the workforce

95
Q

Sexuality

A

varies w/ cul. and environ.
controls beh., attraction, and identity
common idea- beh. should align w/ identity
Ex. straight ppl should like o/ sex
line distinguishing not as clear anymore

96
Q

Compulsory Heterosexuality

A

automatically assume ppl are hetero

- social norm

97
Q

Homosexuality

A

Considered a problem in soc. if homo.
marginalized and discriminated against
have to put forth more effort to get same results as o/

98
Q

Master Status and Sexuality

A

master status often comes from type of sexuality
sexuality affects how ppl view you
judged based off of feelings

99
Q

Modern Day Discrimination

A

common in LGBT
harrassed and prejudice in employment
Ex. hiring, promotion, firing, and wages
Transgender specifically- 2x higher rate of unempl.
inc. risk of abuse
44% are unemployed

100
Q

Modern Day Discrimination- Supreme Court Case

A

questioning if gender protection laws should be instated

**gender id. is an example of sex discrimination

101
Q

Teen Sexuality

A

transition from dating to hooking up
affects cul.
delays in marriage timing
hooking up- less formal

102
Q

Teen Sexuality- Virginity Pledge

A 
pledge to not have sex until marriage
response to hooking-up
even though pledged, no lasting effect
           assoc. w/ lower condom use
                     not prepared
boys have inc probability of having sex in 16-18 yrs
103
Q

Race

A

grp ppl share common PHYSICAL charac.

“common blood line”

104
Q

Differences in Race

A

innate (born w/) and biological
physical diff.
allow us to create categories
belief that diff. exists makes actual diff. through treatment

105
Q

Identifying Race

A

“on the spot” labeling

changes w/ time and context

106
Q

Race a Myth?

A

yes- bc diff. in races have been socially constructed
no- race not a marker of soc. diff.
race is rather an adaptation to the environment
ex. skin tone
depends on exposure to sun

107
Q

Race- Irish

A

treatment changed overtime
originally- ppl avoided and shamed them
now- national holiday and are celebrated
Ex. of how soc. marginalized groups in the past

108
Q

Race v Ethnicity

A

race- imposed, exclusive and unequal
like to declare that there’s a hierarchy where some races are better than o/
ethnicity- voluntary, self-defined and cultural
don’t have to embrace all parts
way we see ourselves in relation to o/
** a privilege

109
Q

Melting Pot Idea

A

American cul. creation
supposedly positive and supp. diff. in o/
actually force ppl to assim. to get rid of variation
controlled w/ lang., customs, values and education
Language- expect assim. (speak english lan)
Customs- Ex. religion or food
control w/ social sanctions
Values- if don’t agree w/ US values- go back to where you came from
Education- learn expec. and values of US cul. perspective

110
Q

One drop rule + pure race

A

way to determine race
formed to prevent interracial marriage and kids
“one drop of black blood makes ppl black”
limits rights and oppor.
clear line of separation from white population
favors pure race
causes unequal treatment

111
Q

Ethnicity

A

includes customs, lang., ancestry and rel.
cul. traits v physical traits
inc. ppl w/ shared beliefs
have shared history
Ex. like certain type of food dish

112
Q

Ethnicity- Categories

A

change overtime w/ interaction

Ex. what it means to be Irish

113
Q

Ethnicity- Symbolic

A

easier for some ppl to chose ethnicity
individualistic in nature
not forced to embrace all prts
can’t see ethnicity physically
does not have a social cost
can decide if want to identify by it or not

114
Q

Ethnicity- Functionalism Persp.

A

newcomers must assim. to dominate group
pressured to do so
if assim. no threat to power structure
have control over jobs and resources
newcomers occupy jobs ppl don’t want
Ex. mexicans

115
Q

Ethnicity- Conflict Persp.

A

grps compete for resources
pwr groups work keep/ protect pwr
use money and resources
Ex. literacy tests for voting
excludes whole races
economic fear that o/ take job and money
turns lower class against e/o + diverts attention

116
Q

Ethnicity- Symbolic Interaction.- definer

A

labels we learn and assign to races impact way view world
process of how we justify unequal access to resources
think that ppl are more alike than they actually are
Ex. Catholics
difference between- definer and defined
give own explan. for ppl of o/ grps and their place

117
Q

Key Beliefs w/ Race- Racism

A

belief that ppl of diff. races have UNEQUAL human traits
logic- humans divided into bloodlines
bloodlines are related to social charac.
therefore, some grps are better

118
Q

Key Beliefs w/ Race- Racism- Colorblind Racism

A

cul. characteristics that associate w/ race that limit resources
assume characteristics tied to race
discount social diff.
think diff. are due to personal attributes
ignoring historic discrimm.

119
Q

Key Beliefs w/ Race- Racialization

A

formation of new racial identities bc of event
boundaries are drawn around prev. unnoticed grps
Ex. after 911
recognized arabs by skin tone and dress
creates differential pwr btw grps
way limit grps resources

120
Q

Key Beliefs w/ Race- Segregation

A

distance btw grps
physically and socially
still present today
Ex. reservations
distance created by limitation of social services
chances of life success are decreased
“second class citizen”
don’t change bc follow narrative that those positions were earned

121
Q

Assimilation

A

gradual adoption of dom. cul. by social grp pressure
forced or voluntary
belief that outside cul. wrong
Ex. educational systm
students learn history of white Europ. only

122
Q

Multiculturalism / Pluralsim

A

acknowledging and having respect for diff. in cul.
groups in soc. have parity
in US
flexibility of acceptance varies
education- no
food- yes

123
Q

Prejudice

A

negative thoughts + feelings about ethnic or racial grp
not illegal
no way to restrict what ppl thinking
if prejudice results in action= discrimmination
neg. actions against inferior ppl
ethnicity or race
indivi
Institutional- deny access of ppl
Ex. healthcare, housing and jobs

124
Q

European Americans

A

have consistently been in power and had wealth
pop. is shrinking
~2056 will not be maj. anymore

125
Q

Latinos

A 
fastest-growing and largest
most residentially segregated
mostly in SW US but also in FL
sociologists monitor how assimilate
            Ex. speaking english
negative narr. asso. w/ race
            Ex. steal jobs and sell drugs
126
Q

African Americans

A

legacy of slavery
beliefs that diff. cause socioeconomic diff.
residential seg.
tendency to label all ppl as identical
there are cul. diff. with in race
higher rates of pov.
median income 62.6% of whites

127
Q

Asian Americans

A

“model minority”
assim. well to US cul.
have wealth and are smart
consider whole group well=off bc maj. is
ignoring extremely impoverished in race

128
Q

American Indians

A

blanket term
assume all ppl in race are the same
high drop-out rate and unemploy.
1/5 live on rez.

129
Q

Middle Eastern Americans

A

disscrim. based on phys. charac.

130
Q

Faber and Wealth Distribution

A

wealth gap btw white and minority
historically rooted
can’t overcome w/ income equal.
whites have old money
passed down, not earned
public policy doesn’t address
2/3 gap due to housing equity in avg. wealth
middle class- white= $134,000, black= $11,000

131
Q

Faber and Wealth Distribution- Justification

A

due to level of education

not correct

132
Q

Future Race

A

white could lose power
due to more specific defin. of “white”
in 2000 census
allowed ppl more than one race and ethnicity
2020 census
changed way question written
avoid limiting categorization
allow 1+ race + specific subsets of that race

Sociology 101 (3 decks)

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